Chinese Vampire Facts

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Jiangshi

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   See also: [8]Jiangshi fiction
   Look up [9]jiangshi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
   Jiangshi
              Chinese name
   [10]Traditional Chinese [11]殭屍
   [12]Simplified Chinese  [13]僵尸
      [14]Hanyu Pinyin     jiāngshī
       Literal meaning     stiff corpse

          Transcriptions
       [15]Standard Mandarin
   [16]Hanyu Pinyin jiāngshī
    [17]Wade–Giles  chiang¹-shih¹
     [18]Bopomofo   ㄐㄧㄤ ㄕ
        [19]Yue: Cantonese
     [20]Jyutping   goeng¹-si¹
             Vietnamese name
       [21]Vietnamese      cương thi
               Korean name
         [22]Hangul        강시
          [23]Hanja        殭屍

           Transcriptions
   [24]Revised Romanization gangshi
              Japanese name
          [25]Kana         キョンシー

       Transcriptions
   [26]Romanization kyonshī

   A jiangshi, also known as a Chinese "hopping" [27]vampire or
   [28]zombie, is a type of reanimated corpse in [29]Chinese legends and
   folklore. "Jiangshi" is read goeng-si in Cantonese, cương thi in
   Vietnamese, gangshi in Korean and kyonshī in Japanese. It is typically
   depicted as a stiff corpse dressed in official garments from the
   [30]Qing Dynasty, and it moves around by hopping, with its arms
   outstretched. It kills living creatures to absorb their [31]qi, or
   "life force", usually at night, while in the day, it rests in a coffin
   or hides in dark places such as caves.^[32][1] Jiangshi legends have
   inspired a [33]genre of jiangshi films and literature in Hong Kong and
   East Asia.

Contents

     * [34]1 Genesis
     * [35]2 Appearance
     * [36]3 Methods and items used to counter jiangshis
     * [37]4 Origin stories
     * [38]5 Popular culture
     * [39]6 See also
     * [40]7 References

Genesis[[41]edit]

   The [42]Qing Dynasty scholar [43]Ji Xiaolan mentioned in his book
   Yuewei Caotang Biji (閱微草堂筆記) that the causes of a corpse being
   reanimated can be classified in either of two categories: a recently
   deceased person returning to life, or a corpse that has been buried for
   a long time but does not decompose. Some causes are described below:
     * The use of supernatural arts to resurrect the dead.
     * [44]Spirit possession of a dead body.
     * A corpse absorbs sufficient [45]yang [46]qi to return to life.
     * A person's body is governed by three [47]huns and seven pos. The
       Qing Dynasty scholar [48]Yuan Mei wrote in his book [49]Zi Bu Yu
       that "A person's hun is good but his po is evil, his hun is
       intelligent but his po is foolish". The hun leaves his body after
       death but his po remains and takes control of the body, so the dead
       person becomes a jiangshi.
     * The dead person is not buried even after a funeral has been held.
       The corpse comes to life after it is struck by a bolt of lightning,
       or when a pregnant cat (or a black cat in some tales) leaps across
       the coffin.
     * When a person's soul fails to leave the deceased's body, due to
       improper death, suicide, or just wanting to cause
       trouble.^[50][2]^[51][3]
     * A person injured by a jiangshi is infected with the "jiangshi
       virus" and gradually changes into a jiangshi over time, as seen in
       the [52]Mr. Vampire films.

Appearance[[53]edit]

   Generally, a jiangshi's appearance can range from unremarkable (as in
   the case of a recently deceased person) to horrifying (rotting flesh,
   [54]rigor mortis, as with corpses that have been in a state of decay
   over a period of time). The Chinese character for "jiang" (僵) in
   "jiangshi" literally means "hard" or "stiff". It is believed that the
   jiangshi is so stiff that that it cannot bend its limbs and body, so it
   has to move around by hopping while keeping its arms stretched out for
   mobility. Jiangshi are depicted in popular culture to have a paper
   talisman (with a sealing spell) attached onto and hanging off the
   forehead in portrait orientation, and wear a uniform coat-like robe and
   round-top tall rimmed hat characteristic of a mandarin (Chinese
   official from during the Qing dynasty). A peculiar feature is its
   greenish-white skin; one theory is that this is derived from [55]fungus
   or [56]mould growing on corpses. It is said to have long white hair all
   over its head^[57][4] and may behave like animals.^[58][5] The
   influence of western vampire stories brought the blood-sucking aspect
   to the Chinese myth in more modern times in combination with the
   concept of the [59]hungry ghost, though traditionally they feed off
   solely the qi of a living individual for sustenance and in order to
   grow more powerful.

Methods and items used to counter jiangshis[[60]edit]

     * Mirrors: [61]Li Shizhen's medical book [62]Bencao Gangmu mentioned,
       "A mirror is the essence of liquid metal. It is dark on the
       external but bright inside." (鏡乃金水之精，內明外暗。) Jiangshis are also said
       to be terrified of their own reflections.
     * Items made of wood from a [63]peach tree: The Jingchu Suishi Ji
       (荊楚歲時記) mentioned, "Peach is the essence of the [64]Five Elements.
       It can subjugate evil auras and deter evil spirits."
       (桃者，五行之精，能厭服邪氣，制御百鬼。)
     * A rooster's call: [65]Yuan Mei's book [66]Zi Bu Yu mentioned, "Evil
       spirits withdraw when they hear a rooster's call" (鬼聞雞鳴即縮。),
       because the rooster's call usually occurs with the rise of the sun.
     * [67]Jujube seeds: Zi Bu Yu mentioned, "Nail seven jujube seeds into
       the [68]acupuncture points on the back of a corpse." (棗核七枚，釘入屍脊背穴。)
     * Fire: Zi Bu Yu mentioned, "When set on fire, the sound of crackling
       flames, blood rushes forth and bones cry." (放火燒之，嘖嘖之聲，血湧骨鳴。)
     * Hoofs of a black donkey: Mentioned in Zhang Muye's fantasy novel
       [69]Ghost Blows Out the Light
     * Vinegar: Mentioned by coroners in eastern [70]Fujian
     * [71]Ba gua sign
     * [72]I Ching
     * [73]Tong Shu
     * [74]Glutinous rice, rice chaff
     * [75]Adzuki beans
     * [76]Handbell
     * Thread stained with black ink
     * Blood of a black dog
     * Stonemason's awl
     * Axe
     * Broom

Origin stories[[77]edit]

   A supposed source of the jiangshi stories came from the folk practice
   of "transporting a corpse over a thousand [78]li" ([79]simplified
   Chinese: 千里行尸; [80]traditional Chinese: 千里行屍; [81]pinyin: qiān lǐ xíng
   shī). The relatives of a person who died far away from home could not
   afford vehicles to have the deceased person's body transported home for
   burial, so they would hire a Taoist priest to conduct a ritual to
   reanimate the dead person and teach him/her to "hop" their way home.
   The priests would transport the corpses only at night and would ring
   bells to notify others in the vicinity of their presence because it was
   considered bad luck for a living person to set eyes upon a jiangshi.
   This practice, also called Xiangxi ganshi ([82]simplified Chinese:
   湘西赶尸; [83]traditional Chinese: 湘西趕屍; [84]pinyin: Xiāngxī gǎn shī;
   literally: "driving corpses in Xiangxi"), was popular in [85]Xiangxi,
   where many people left their hometown to work
   elsewhere.^[86][6]^[87][7] After they died, their bodies were
   transported back to their hometown because it was believed that their
   souls would feel homesick if they were buried somewhere unfamiliar to
   them. The corpses would be arranged upright in single file and be tied
   to long bamboo rods on the sides, while two men (one at the front and
   one at the back) would carry the ends of the rods on their shoulders
   and walk. When the bamboo flexed up and down, the corpses appeared to
   be "hopping" in unison when viewed from a distance
   away.^[88][8]^[89][9]^[90][10]

   Two oral accounts of transporting corpses are included in [91]Liao
   Yiwu's The Corpse Walker. One account describes how corpses would be
   transported by a two-man team. One would carry the corpse on his back
   with a large robe covering both of them and a mourning mask on top. The
   other man would walk ahead with a lantern and warn his companion about
   obstacles ahead of him. The lantern was used as a visual guide for the
   corpse carrier to follow since they could not see with the robe
   covering them. It is speculated in the accounts in the book that
   corpses would be carried at night to avoid contact with people and the
   cooler air would be more suitable to transporting bodies.^[92][11]

   Some^[[93]who?] speculate that the stories about jiangshi were
   originally made up by smugglers who disguised their illegal activities
   as corpse transportation and wanted to scare off law enforcement
   officers.^[94][12]

Popular culture[[95]edit]

   Main article: [96]Jiangshi fiction
   This section may require [97]cleanup to meet Wikipedia's [98]quality
   standards. The specific problem is: mess; solutions: divide acc to
   genre (game/film...), sort by alphabet or release, remove trivial
   stuff, add references where possible. Please help [99]improve this
   section if you can. (March 2014)

   Because it usually takes decades for an unattended resentful corpse to
   become a jiangshi, they are usually depicted wearing attire identified
   with a previous era, and since these films are usually set in modern
   China or Hong Kong, the closest "previous era" would be the [100]Qing
   Dynasty. Their modern visual depiction as horrific Qing officials may
   have been derived by the [101]anti-Manchu or [102]anti-Qing sentiments
   of the [103]Han Chinese population during the Qing Dynasty, as the
   officials were viewed as bloodthirsty creatures with little regard for
   humanity.^[104][13]

   It is also the conventional wisdom of [105]feng shui in Chinese
   architecture that a threshold ([106]simplified Chinese: 门槛;
   [107]traditional Chinese: 門檻; [108]pinyin: ménkǎn), a piece of wood
   approximately 15 cm (6 in) high, be installed along the width of the
   door at the bottom to prevent a jiangshi from entering the
   household.^[109][14]

See also[[110]edit]

     * [111]Chinese mythology
     * [112]Chinese ghosts
     * [113]Chupacabra
     * [114]Medieval revenant
     * [115]Undead
     * [116]Wight
     * [117]Vetala
     * [118]Yokai
     * [119]Yenta
     * [120]Yurei

References[[121]edit]

    1. [122]^ [123]http://www.mythicalcreaturesguide.com/page/JiangShi
    2. [124]^ (Chinese) [125]充滿詭異色彩 文獻記載湘南恐怖僵屍村傳說
    3. [126]^ (Chinese) [127]殭屍的七個等級
    4. [128]^ de Groot, JJM (1892–1910). The Religious System of China.
       The Hague.
    5. [129]^ (Chinese) [130]世界上真的有僵尸吗？
    6. [131]^ (Chinese) [132]湘西“赶尸”习俗
    7. [133]^ (Chinese) [134]神秘骇人的湘西“赶尸”揭秘(图)
    8. [135]^ (Chinese) [136]湘西赶尸骗局被揭穿
    9. [137]^ (Chinese) [138]无法破译的湘西三邪：赶尸、放蛊、落花洞女！
   10. [139]^ (Chinese) [140]湘西“赶尸匠”后人揭秘真相 (图)
   11. [141]^ [142]Liao, Yiwu. The Corpse Walker: Real Life Stories, China
       from the Bottom Up. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008.
   12. [143]^ (Chinese) [144]「湘西趕屍」說法和其真偽
   13. [145]^ Lam, Stephanie (2009). "Hop on Pop: Jiangshi Films in a
       Transnational Context". CineAction (78): 46–51.
   14. [146]^ [147]"Hopping Mad: A Brief Look at Chinese Vampire Movies".
       Penny Blood Magazine. Retrieved 2007-12-16.

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References

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   1. android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi
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   8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction
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  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters
  11. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/殭屍
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters
  13. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/僵尸
  14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin
  15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese
  16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin
  17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade–Giles
  18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo
  19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese
  20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyutping
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language
  22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul
  23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja
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  42. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
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  70. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian
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 114. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_revenant
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 142. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233578030
 143. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi#cite_ref-12
 144. http://liubowen.tripod.com/history/t-cadaver.htm
 145. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi#cite_ref-13
 146. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi#cite_ref-14
 147. http://www.pennyblood.com/chinesevampires.html
 148. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangshi&oldid=682261314
 149. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category
 150. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jiangshi_fiction
 151. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_folklore
 152. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_mythology
 153. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_legendary_creatures
 154. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monsters
 155. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernatural_legends
 156. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Corporeal_undead
 157. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Chinese-language_external_links
 158. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text
 159. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text
 160. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text
 161. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text
 162. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases
 163. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2010
 164. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_March_2014
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 169. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jiangshi
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 171. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Jiangshi
 172. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi
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 174. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangshi&action=history
 175. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
 176. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents
 177. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content
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 196. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Jiangshi&returnto=Jiangshi&oldid=682261314&writer=rdf2latex
 197. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangshi&printable=yes
 198. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Shi
 199. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Shi
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 201. https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/강시
 202. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangshi
 203. https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Shi
 204. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/キョンシー
 205. https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/เจียงซือ
 206. https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cương_thi
 207. https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/殭屍
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Vampire

   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
   Jump to: [7]navigation, [8]search
   For other uses, see [9]Vampire (disambiguation).

   CAPTION: Vampire

   [10]Burne-Jones-le-Vampire.jpg
   The Vampire, by [11]Philip Burne-Jones, 1897
       Grouping      [12]Legendary creature
     Sub grouping    [13]Undead
   Similar creatures [14]Revenant, [15]werewolf
        Country      [16]Transylvania, [17]England
        Region       [18]The Americas, [19]Europe, [20]Asia, [21]Africa

   A vampire is a being from [22]folklore who subsists by feeding on the
   life essence (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures.
   [23]Undead beings, vampires often visited loved ones and caused
   mischief or deaths in the neighbourhoods they inhabited when they were
   alive. They wore [24]shrouds and were often described as bloated and of
   ruddy or dark countenance, markedly different from today's gaunt, pale
   vampire which dates from the early 19th century. Although vampiric
   entities have been [25]recorded in most cultures, the term vampire was
   not popularized in the west until the early 18th century, after an
   influx of vampire superstition into Western Europe from areas where
   vampire legends were frequent, such as the [26]Balkans and Eastern
   Europe,^[27][1] although local variants were also known by different
   names, such as [28]vrykolakas in [29]Greece and [30]strigoi in
   [31]Romania. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led
   to what can only be called [32]mass hysteria and in some cases resulted
   in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism.

   In modern times, however, the vampire is generally held to be a
   fictitious entity, although belief in similar vampiric creatures such
   as the [33]chupacabra still persists in some cultures. Early folk
   belief in vampires has sometimes been ascribed to the ignorance of the
   body's process of [34]decomposition after death and how people in
   pre-industrial societies tried to rationalise this, creating the figure
   of the vampire to explain the mysteries of death. [35]Porphyria was
   also linked with legends of vampirism in 1985 and received much media
   exposure, but has since been largely discredited.

   The charismatic and sophisticated vampire of modern fiction was born in
   1819 with the publication of [36]The Vampyre by [37]John Polidori; the
   story was highly successful and arguably the most influential vampire
   work of the early 19th century.^[38][2] However, it is [39]Bram
   Stoker's 1897 novel [40]Dracula which is remembered as the
   quintessential [41]vampire novel and provided the basis of the modern
   vampire legend. The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire
   [42]genre, still popular in the 21st century, with books, films, and
   television shows. The vampire has since become a dominant figure in the
   horror genre.

Contents

     * [43]1 Etymology
     * [44]2 Folk beliefs
          + [45]2.1 Description and common attributes
               o [46]2.1.1 Creating vampires
               o [47]2.1.2 Identifying vampires
               o [48]2.1.3 Protection
                    # [49]2.1.3.1 Apotropaics
                    # [50]2.1.3.2 Methods of destruction
          + [51]2.2 Ancient beliefs
          + [52]2.3 Medieval and later European folklore
          + [53]2.4 Non-European beliefs
               o [54]2.4.1 Africa
               o [55]2.4.2 The Americas
               o [56]2.4.3 Asia
          + [57]2.5 Modern beliefs
               o [58]2.5.1 Collective noun
     * [59]3 Origins of vampire beliefs
          + [60]3.1 Pathology
               o [61]3.1.1 Decomposition
               o [62]3.1.2 Premature burial
               o [63]3.1.3 Contagion
               o [64]3.1.4 Porphyria
               o [65]3.1.5 Rabies
          + [66]3.2 Psychodynamic understanding
          + [67]3.3 Political interpretation
          + [68]3.4 Psychopathology
          + [69]3.5 Modern vampire subcultures
          + [70]3.6 Vampire bats
     * [71]4 In modern fiction
          + [72]4.1 Literature
          + [73]4.2 Film and television
          + [74]4.3 Games
     * [75]5 Notes
     * [76]6 References
     * [77]7 External links

Etymology

   The [78]Oxford English Dictionary dates the first appearance of the
   English word vampire (as vampyre) in English from 1734, in a travelogue
   titled Travels of Three English Gentlemen published in [79]The Harleian
   Miscellany in 1745.^[80][3] Vampires had already been discussed in
   French^[81][4] and German literature.^[82][5] After [83]Austria gained
   control of northern Serbia and [84]Oltenia with the [85]Treaty of
   Passarowitz in 1718, officials noted the local practice of exhuming
   bodies and "killing vampires".^[86][5] These reports, prepared between
   1725 and 1732, received widespread publicity.^[87][5] The English term
   was derived (possibly via French vampyre) from the German Vampir, in
   turn derived in the early 18th century from the [88]Serbian
   вампир/vampir,^[89][6]^[90][7]^[91][8]^[92][9]^[93][10]^[94][11] when
   [95]Arnold Paole, a purported vampire in Serbia was described during
   the time when Northern Serbia was part of the [96]Austrian Empire.

   The Serbian form has parallels in virtually all [97]Slavic languages:
   [98]Bulgarian and [99]Macedonian вампир (vampir), [100]Bosnian: lampir,
   [101]Croatian vampir, [102]Czech and [103]Slovak upír, [104]Polish
   wąpierz, and (perhaps [105]East Slavic-influenced) upiór,
   [106]Ukrainian упир (upyr), [107]Russian упырь (upyr‍ '​),
   [108]Belarusian упыр (upyr), from [109]Old East Slavic упирь (upir‍ '​)
   (note that many of these languages have also borrowed forms such as
   "vampir/wampir" subsequently from the West; these are distinct from the
   original local words for the creature). The exact [110]etymology is
   unclear.^[111][12] Among the proposed [112]proto-Slavic forms are
   *ǫpyrь and *ǫpirь.^[113][13] Another, less widespread theory, is that
   the Slavic languages have borrowed the word from a [114]Turkic term for
   "witch" (e.g., [115]Tatar ubyr).^[116][13]^[117][14] Czech linguist
   Václav Machek proposes Slovak verb "vrepiť sa" (stick to, thrust into),
   or its hypothetical anagram "vperiť sa" (in Czech, archaic verb
   "vpeřit" means "to thrust violently") as an etymological background,
   and thus translates "upír" as "someone who thrusts, bites".^[118][15]
   An early use of the [119]Old Russian word is in the anti-[120]pagan
   treatise "Word of Saint Grigoriy" (Russian Слово святого Григория),
   dated variously to the 11th–13th centuries, where pagan worship of
   upyri is reported.^[121][16]^[122][17]

Folk beliefs

   See also: [123]List of vampires in folklore and mythology

   The notion of vampirism has existed for millennia; cultures such as the
   [124]Mesopotamians, [125]Hebrews, [126]Ancient Greeks, and [127]Romans
   had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to
   modern vampires. However, despite the occurrence of vampire-like
   creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity
   we know today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from
   early-18th-century southeastern Europe,^[128][1] when [129]verbal
   traditions of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and
   published. In most cases, vampires are [130]revenants of evil beings,
   suicide victims, or [131]witches, but they can also be created by a
   malevolent spirit [132]possessing a corpse or by being bitten by a
   vampire. Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas
   it caused mass hysteria and even [133]public executions of people
   believed to be vampires.^[134][18]

Description and common attributes

   Further information: [135]List of vampire traits in folklore and
   fiction
   Vampyren, "The Vampire", by [136]Edvard Munch

   It is difficult to make a single, definitive description of the
   folkloric vampire, though there are several elements common to many
   European legends. Vampires were usually reported as bloated in
   appearance, and ruddy, purplish, or dark in colour; these
   characteristics were often attributed to the recent drinking of blood.
   Indeed, blood was often seen seeping from the mouth and nose when one
   was seen in its [137]shroud or coffin and its left eye was often
   open.^[138][19] It would be clad in the linen shroud it was buried in,
   and its teeth, hair, and nails may have grown somewhat, though in
   general fangs were not a feature.^[139][20]

Creating vampires

   The causes of vampiric generation were many and varied in original
   folklore. In [140]Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was
   jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to
   become one of the undead.^[141][21] A body with a wound that had not
   been treated with boiling water was also at risk. In Russian folklore,
   vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled
   against the [142]Russian Orthodox Church while they were
   alive.^[143][22]

   Cultural practices often arose that were intended to prevent a recently
   deceased loved one from turning into an undead revenant. Burying a
   corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such
   as [144]scythes or [145]sickles,^[146][23] near the grave to satisfy
   any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would
   not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the
   [147]Ancient Greek practice of placing an [148]obolus in the corpse's
   mouth to pay the toll to cross the [149]River Styx in the underworld;
   it has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any
   evil spirits from entering the body, and this may have influenced later
   vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore
   about the [150]vrykolakas, in which a wax cross and piece of pottery
   with the inscription "[151]Jesus Christ conquers" were placed on the
   corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire.^[152][24] Other
   methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the [153]tendons
   at the knees or placing [154]poppy seeds, [155]millet, or sand on the
   ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to
   keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen
   grains,^[156][25] indicating an association of vampires with
   [157]arithmomania. Similar Chinese narratives state that if a
   vampire-like being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count
   every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the [158]Indian
   subcontinent, as well as in South American tales of witches and other
   sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings.^[159][26] In
   [160]Albanian folklore, the [161]dhampir is the hybrid child of the
   karkanxholl (a werewolf-like creature with an iron [162]mail shirt) or
   the lugat (a water-dwelling ghost or monster). The dhampir sprung of a
   karkanxholl has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from
   this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat. The lugat
   cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is
   usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be
   revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj
   is also an Albanian surname.^[163][27]

Identifying vampires

   Many elaborate rituals were used to identify a vampire. One method of
   finding a vampire's grave involved leading a virgin boy through a
   graveyard or church grounds on a virgin stallion—the horse would
   supposedly balk at the grave in question.^[164][22] Generally a black
   horse was required, though in Albania it should be white.^[165][28]
   Holes appearing in the earth over a grave were taken as a sign of
   vampirism.^[166][29]

   Corpses thought to be vampires were generally described as having a
   healthier appearance than expected, plump and showing little or no
   signs of decomposition.^[167][30] In some cases, when suspected graves
   were opened, villagers even described the corpse as having fresh blood
   from a victim all over its face.^[168][31] Evidence that a vampire was
   active in a given locality included death of cattle, sheep, relatives
   or neighbours. Folkloric vampires could also make their presence felt
   by engaging in minor [169]poltergeist-like activity, such as hurling
   stones on roofs or moving household objects,^[170][32] and
   [171]pressing on people in their sleep.^[172][33]

Protection

   An image from [173]Max Ernst's [174]Une Semaine de Bonté

Apotropaics

   [175]Apotropaics, items able to ward off revenants, are common in
   vampire folklore. Garlic is a common example,^[176][34] a branch of
   [177]wild rose and [178]hawthorn plant are said to harm vampires, and
   in Europe, sprinkling mustard seeds on the roof of a house was said to
   keep them away.^[179][35] Other apotropaics include sacred items, for
   example a [180]crucifix, [181]rosary, or [182]holy water. Vampires are
   said to be unable to walk on [183]consecrated ground, such as that of
   churches or temples, or cross running water.^[184][36] Although not
   traditionally regarded as an apotropaic, [185]mirrors have been used to
   ward off vampires when placed, facing outwards, on a door (in some
   cultures, vampires do not have a reflection and sometimes do not cast a
   shadow, perhaps as a manifestation of the vampire's lack of a
   soul).^[186][37] This attribute, although not universal (the Greek
   vrykolakas/tympanios was capable of both reflection and shadow), was
   used by Bram Stoker in Dracula and has remained popular with subsequent
   authors and filmmakers.^[187][38] Some traditions also hold that a
   vampire cannot enter a house unless invited by the owner, although
   after the first invitation they can come and go as they
   please.^[188][37] Though folkloric vampires were believed to be more
   active at night, they were not generally considered vulnerable to
   sunlight.^[189][38]

Methods of destruction

   “The Vampire”, lithograph by R. de Moraine (1864).

   Methods of destroying suspected vampires varied, with [190]staking the
   most commonly cited method, particularly in southern Slavic
   cultures.^[191][39] [192]Ash was the preferred wood in Russia and the
   Baltic states,^[193][40] or [194]hawthorn in Serbia,^[195][41] with a
   record of [196]oak in [197]Silesia.^[198][42] Potential vampires were
   most often staked through the heart, though the mouth was targeted in
   Russia and northern Germany^[199][43]^[200][44] and the stomach in
   north-eastern Serbia.^[201][45] Piercing the skin of the chest was a
   way of "deflating" the bloated vampire; this is similar to the act of
   burying sharp objects, such as sickles, in with the corpse, so that
   they may penetrate the skin if the body bloats sufficiently while
   transforming into a revenant.^[202][46] In one striking example of the
   latter, the corpses of five people in graveyard near Polish village of
   Dravsko dating from the 17th and 18th centuries were buried with
   sickles placed around their necks or across their abdomens.^[203][47]

   [204]Decapitation was the preferred method in German and western Slavic
   areas, with the head buried between the feet, behind the [205]buttocks
   or away from the body.^[206][39] This act was seen as a way of
   hastening the departure of the soul, which in some cultures, was said
   to linger in the corpse. The vampire's head, body, or clothes could
   also be spiked and pinned to the earth to prevent rising.^[207][48]
   [208]Romani drove steel or iron needles into a corpse's heart and
   placed bits of steel in the mouth, over the eyes, ears and between the
   fingers at the time of burial. They also placed hawthorn in the
   corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs. In a
   16th-century burial near [209]Venice, a brick forced into the mouth of
   a female corpse has been interpreted as a vampire-slaying ritual by the
   archaeologists who discovered it in 2006.^[210][49] Further measures
   included pouring boiling water over the grave or complete incineration
   of the body. In the Balkans, a vampire could also be killed by being
   shot or drowned, by repeating the funeral service, by sprinkling
   [211]holy water on the body, or by [212]exorcism. In Romania, garlic
   could be placed in the mouth, and as recently as the 19th century, the
   precaution of shooting a bullet through the [213]coffin was taken. For
   resistant cases, the body was [214]dismembered and the pieces burned,
   mixed with water, and administered to family members as a cure. In
   Saxon regions of Germany, a lemon was placed in the mouth of suspected
   vampires.^[215][50]

   In Bulgaria, over 100 skeletons with metal objects, such as plough
   bits, embedded in the torso have been discovered.^[216][51]^[217][52]

Ancient beliefs

   [218]Lilith (1892), by [219]John Collier

   Tales of supernatural beings consuming the blood or flesh of the living
   have been found in nearly every culture around the world for many
   centuries.^[220][53] The term vampire did not exist in ancient times;
   [221]blood drinking and similar activities were attributed to
   [222]demons or [223]spirits who would eat flesh and drink blood; even
   the [224]Devil was considered synonymous with the vampire.^[225][54]
   Almost every nation has associated blood drinking with some kind of
   revenant or demon, or in some cases a deity. In [226]India, for
   example, tales of [227]vetālas, ghoul-like beings that inhabit corpses,
   have been compiled in the [228]Baitāl Pacīsī; a prominent story in the
   [229]Kathāsaritsāgara tells of King [230]Vikramāditya and his nightly
   quests to capture an elusive one.^[231][55] [232]Piśāca, the returned
   spirits of evil-doers or those who died insane, also bear vampiric
   attributes.^[233][56] The [234]Persians were one of the first
   civilizations to have tales of blood-drinking demons: creatures
   attempting to drink blood from men were depicted on excavated
   [235]pottery shards.^[236][57] Ancient [237]Babylonia and [238]Assyria
   had tales of the mythical [239]Lilitu,^[240][58] synonymous with and
   giving rise to [241]Lilith ([242]Hebrew לילית) and her daughters the
   [243]Lilu from [244]Hebrew demonology. Lilitu was considered a demon
   and was often depicted as subsisting on the blood of babies.^[245][58]
   And [246]Estries, female shape changing, blood drinking demons, were
   said to roam the night among the population, seeking victims. According
   to [247]Sefer Hasidim, Estries were creatures created in the twilight
   hours before God rested.^[248][59] An injured Estrie could be healed by
   eating bread and salt given her by her attacker.

   Ancient [249]Greek and [250]Roman mythology described the
   [251]Empusae,^[252][60] the [253]Lamia,^[254][61] and the [255]striges.
   Over time the first two terms became general words to describe witches
   and demons respectively. Empusa was the daughter of the goddess
   [256]Hecate and was described as a demonic, [257]bronze-footed
   creature. She feasted on blood by transforming into a young woman and
   seduced men as they slept before drinking their blood.^[258][60] The
   Lamia preyed on young children in their beds at night, sucking their
   blood, as did the gelloudes or [259]Gello.^[260][61] Like the Lamia,
   the striges feasted on children, but also preyed on young men. They
   were described as having the bodies of crows or birds in general, and
   were later incorporated into Roman mythology as strix, a kind of
   nocturnal bird that fed on human flesh and blood.^[261][62]

   In [262]Azerbaijanese [263]mythology [264]Xortdan is the troubled soul
   of the dead rising from the grave.^[265][63] Some Hortdan can be living
   people with certain magical properties. Some of the properties of the
   Hortdan include: the ability to transform into an animal, invisibility,
   and the propensity to drain the vitality of victims via blood loss.

Medieval and later European folklore

   Main article: [266]Vampire folklore by region
   The 800-year-old skeleton found in [267]Bulgaria stabbed through the
   chest with iron rod.^[268][64]

   Many myths surrounding vampires originated during the [269]medieval
   period. The 12th-century English historians and chroniclers [270]Walter
   Map and [271]William of Newburgh recorded accounts of
   revenants,^[272][18]^[273][65] though records in English legends of
   vampiric beings after this date are scant.^[274][66] The Old Norse
   [275]draugr is another medieval example of an undead creature with
   similarities to vampires.^[276][67]

   Vampires proper originate in folklore widely reported from Eastern
   Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These tales formed the
   basis of the vampire legend that later entered Germany and England,
   where they were subsequently embellished and popularized. One of the
   earliest recordings of vampire activity came from the region of
   [277]Istria in modern [278]Croatia, in 1672.^[279][68] Local reports
   cited the local vampire [280]Jure Grando of the village Khring near
   [281]Tinjan as the cause of panic among the villagers.^[282][69] A
   former peasant, Jure died in 1656; however, local villagers claimed he
   returned from the dead and began drinking blood from the people and
   sexually harassing his widow. The village leader ordered a stake to be
   driven through his heart, but when the method failed to kill him, he
   was subsequently beheaded with better results.^[283][70] That was the
   first case in history that a real person had been described as a
   vampire.

   During the 18th century, there was a frenzy of vampire sightings in
   Eastern Europe, with frequent stakings and grave diggings to identify
   and kill the potential revenants; even government officials engaged in
   the hunting and staking of vampires.^[284][71] Despite being called the
   [285]Age of Enlightenment, during which most folkloric legends were
   quelled, the belief in vampires increased dramatically, resulting in a
   mass hysteria throughout most of Europe.^[286][18] The panic began with
   an outbreak of alleged vampire attacks in [287]East Prussia in 1721 and
   in the [288]Habsburg Monarchy from 1725 to 1734, which spread to other
   localities. Two famous vampire cases, the first to be officially
   recorded, involved the corpses of [289]Petar Blagojevich and Arnold
   Paole from Serbia. Blagojevich was reported to have died at the age of
   62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food.
   When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Blagojevich
   supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of
   blood.^[290][71] In the second case, Paole, an ex-soldier turned farmer
   who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while
   [291]haying. After his death, people began to die in the surrounding
   area and it was widely believed that Paole had returned to prey on the
   neighbours.^[292][72] Another famous Serbian legend involving vampires
   concentrates around a certain [293]Sava Savanović living in a watermill
   and killing and drinking blood from millers. The character was later
   used in a story written by [294]Serbian writer [295]Milovan Glišić and
   in the Yugoslav 1973 horror film [296]Leptirica inspired by the story.

   The two incidents were well-documented; government officials examined
   the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout
   Europe.^[297][72] The hysteria, commonly referred to as the
   "18th-Century Vampire Controversy", raged for a generation. The problem
   was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-claimed vampire attacks,
   undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was
   present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in
   some cases, staking them. Although many scholars reported during this
   period that vampires did not exist, and attributed reports to premature
   burial or [298]rabies, [299]superstitious belief increased. [300]Dom
   Augustine Calmet, a well-respected French [301]theologian and scholar,
   put together a comprehensive treatise in 1746, which was ambiguous
   concerning the existence of vampires. Calmet amassed reports of vampire
   incidents; numerous readers, including both a critical [302]Voltaire
   and supportive [303]demonologists, interpreted the treatise as claiming
   that vampires existed.^[304][73] In his [305]Philosophical Dictionary,
   Voltaire wrote:^[306][74]

     These vampires were corpses, who went out of their graves at night
     to suck the blood of the living, either at their throats or
     stomachs, after which they returned to their cemeteries. The persons
     so sucked waned, grew pale, and fell into [307]consumption; while
     the sucking corpses grew fat, got rosy, and enjoyed an excellent
     appetite. It was in [308]Poland, Hungary, Silesia, [309]Moravia,
     Austria, and [310]Lorraine, that the dead made this good cheer.

   Some theological disputes arose. The non-decay of vampires’ bodies
   could recall the incorruption of the bodies of the saints of the
   Catholic Church. A paragraph on vampires was included in the second
   edition (1749) of De servorum Dei beatificatione et sanctorum
   canonizatione, On the beatification of the servants of God and on
   canonization of the blessed, written by Prospero Lambertini (Pope
   Benedict XIV).^[311][75] In his opinion, while the incorruption of the
   bodies of saints was the effect of a divine intervention, all the
   phenomena attributed to vampires were purely natural or the fruit of
   “imagination, terror and fear”. In other words, vampires did not
   exist^[312][76]

   The controversy only ceased when Empress [313]Maria Theresa of Austria
   sent her personal physician, [314]Gerard van Swieten, to investigate
   the claims of vampiric entities. He concluded that vampires did not
   exist and the Empress passed laws prohibiting the opening of graves and
   desecration of bodies, sounding the end of the vampire epidemics.
   Despite this condemnation, the vampire lived on in artistic works and
   in local superstition.^[315][73]

Non-European beliefs

Africa

   Various regions of Africa have folktales featuring beings with vampiric
   abilities: in West Africa the [316]Ashanti people tell of the
   iron-toothed and tree-dwelling [317]asanbosam,^[318][77] and the
   [319]Ewe people of the [320]adze, which can take the form of a
   [321]firefly and hunts children.^[322][78] The eastern Cape region has
   the [323]impundulu, which can take the form of a large taloned bird and
   can summon thunder and lightning, and the [324]Betsileo people of
   [325]Madagascar tell of the ramanga, an outlaw or living vampire who
   drinks the blood and eats the nail clippings of nobles.^[326][79]

The Americas

   The [327]Loogaroo is an example of how a vampire belief can result from
   a combination of beliefs, here a mixture of French and African Vodu or
   [328]voodoo. The term Loogaroo possibly comes from the French
   [329]loup-garou (meaning "werewolf") and is common in the [330]culture
   of Mauritius. However, the stories of the Loogaroo are widespread
   through the [331]Caribbean Islands and [332]Louisiana in the United
   States.^[333][80] Similar female monsters are the [334]Soucouyant of
   [335]Trinidad, and the [336]Tunda and [337]Patasola of [338]Colombian
   folklore, while the [339]Mapuche of southern [340]Chile have the
   bloodsucking snake known as the [341]Peuchen.^[342][81] [343]Aloe vera
   hung backwards behind or near a door was thought to ward off vampiric
   beings in South American superstition.^[344][26] Aztec mythology
   described tales of the [345]Cihuateteo, skeletal-faced spirits of those
   who died in childbirth who stole children and entered into sexual
   liaisons with the living, driving them mad.^[346][22]

   During the late 18th and 19th centuries the belief in vampires was
   [347]widespread in parts of New England, particularly in [348]Rhode
   Island and Eastern [349]Connecticut. There are many documented cases of
   families disinterring loved ones and removing their hearts in the
   belief that the deceased was a vampire who was responsible for sickness
   and death in the family, although the term "vampire" was never actually
   used to describe the deceased. The deadly disease [350]tuberculosis, or
   "consumption" as it was known at the time, was believed to be caused by
   nightly visitations on the part of a dead family member who had died of
   consumption themselves.^[351][82] The most famous, and most recently
   recorded, case of suspected vampirism is that of nineteen-year-old
   [352]Mercy Brown, who died in [353]Exeter, Rhode Island in 1892. Her
   father, assisted by the family physician, removed her from her tomb two
   months after her death, cut out her heart and burned it to
   ashes.^[354][83]

Asia

   Rooted in older folklore, the modern belief in vampires spread
   throughout Asia with tales of ghoulish entities from the mainland, to
   vampiric beings from the islands of Southeast Asia.

   South Asia also developed other vampiric legends. The [355]Bhūta or
   Prét is the soul of a man who died an untimely death. It wanders around
   animating dead bodies at night, attacking the living much like a
   [356]ghoul.^[357][84] In northern India, there is the BrahmarākŞhasa, a
   vampire-like creature with a head encircled by intestines and a skull
   from which it drank blood. The figure of the [358]Vetala who appears in
   South Asian legend and story may sometimes be rendered as "Vampire"
   (see the section on "Ancient Beliefs" above).

   Although vampires have appeared in [359]Japanese cinema since the late
   1950s, the folklore behind it is western in origin.^[360][85] However,
   the [361]Nukekubi is a being whose head and neck detach from its body
   to fly about seeking human prey at night.^[362][86] There's also the
   Kitsune who are spiritual vampires that need life force to survive and
   use magic. As such, they acquire it from making love with humans.
   The [363]manananggal of Philippine mythology

   Legends of female vampire-like beings who can detach parts of their
   upper body also occur in the [364]Philippines, Malaysia and
   [365]Indonesia. There are two main vampire-like creatures in the
   [366]Philippines: the [367]Tagalog [368]Mandurugo ("blood-sucker") and
   the [369]Visayan [370]Manananggal ("self-segmenter"). The mandurugo is
   a variety of the [371]aswang that takes the form of an attractive girl
   by day, and develops wings and a long, hollow, thread-like tongue by
   night. The tongue is used to suck up blood from a sleeping victim. The
   manananggal is described as being an older, beautiful woman capable of
   severing its upper torso in order to fly into the night with huge
   bat-like wings and prey on unsuspecting, sleeping pregnant women in
   their homes. They use an elongated proboscis-like tongue to suck
   [372]fetuses from these pregnant women. They also prefer to eat
   entrails (specifically the [373]heart and the [374]liver) and the
   phlegm of sick people.^[375][87]

   The [376]Malaysian [377]Penanggalan may be either a beautiful old or
   young woman who obtained her beauty through the active use of
   [378]black magic or other unnatural means, and is most commonly
   described in local folklore to be dark or demonic in nature. She is
   able to detach her fanged head which flies around in the night looking
   for blood, typically from pregnant women.^[379][88] Malaysians would
   hang jeruju (thistles) around the doors and windows of houses, hoping
   the Penanggalan would not enter for fear of catching its intestines on
   the thorns.^[380][89] The [381]Leyak is a similar being from
   [382]Balinese folklore.^[383][90] A Kuntilanak or Matianak in
   Indonesia,^[384][91] or [385]Pontianak or Langsuir in
   Malaysia,^[386][92] is a woman who died during childbirth and became
   undead, seeking revenge and terrorizing villages. She appeared as an
   attractive woman with long black hair that covered a hole in the back
   of her neck, with which she sucked the blood of children. Filling the
   hole with her hair would drive her off. Corpses had their mouths filled
   with glass beads, eggs under each armpit, and needles in their palms to
   prevent them from becoming langsuir. This description would also fit
   the [387]Sundel Bolongs.^[388][93]

   [389]Jiangshi, sometimes called "Chinese vampires" by Westerners, are
   reanimated corpses that hop around, killing living creatures to absorb
   life essence ([390]qì) from their victims. They are said to be created
   when a person's soul (魄 [391]pò) fails to leave the deceased's
   body.^[392][94] However, some have disputed the comparison of jiang shi
   with vampires, as jiang shi are usually represented as mindless
   creatures with no independent thought.^[393][95] One unusual feature of
   this monster is its greenish-white furry skin, perhaps derived from
   fungus or [394]mould growing on corpses.^[395][96] Jiangshi legends
   have inspired a [396]genre of jiangshi films and literature in Hong
   Kong and East Asia. Films like [397]Encounters of the Spooky Kind and
   [398]Mr. Vampire were released during the jiangshi cinematic boom of
   the 1980s and 1990s.^[399][97]^[400][98]

Modern beliefs

   In modern fiction, the vampire tends to be depicted as a suave,
   charismatic [401]villain.^[402][20] Despite the general disbelief in
   vampiric entities, occasional sightings of vampires are reported.
   Indeed, vampire hunting societies still exist, although they are
   largely formed for social reasons.^[403][18] Allegations of vampire
   attacks swept through the African country of [404]Malawi during late
   2002 and early 2003, with mobs stoning one individual to death and
   attacking at least four others, including Governor [405]Eric Chiwaya,
   based on the belief that the government was colluding with
   vampires.^[406][99]

   In early 1970 local press spread rumours that a vampire haunted
   [407]Highgate Cemetery in London. Amateur vampire hunters flocked in
   large numbers to the cemetery. Several books have been written about
   the case, notably by Sean Manchester, a local man who was among the
   first to suggest the existence of the "[408]Highgate Vampire" and who
   later claimed to have [409]exorcised and destroyed a whole nest of
   vampires in the area.^[410][100] In January 2005, rumours circulated
   that an attacker had bitten a number of people in [411]Birmingham,
   England, fuelling concerns about a vampire roaming the streets.
   However, local police stated that no such crime had been reported and
   that the case appears to be an [412]urban legend.^[413][101]
   The female vampire costume

   In 2006, a physics professor at the [414]University of Central Florida
   wrote a paper arguing that it is mathematically impossible for vampires
   to exist, based on [415]geometric progression. According to the paper,
   if the first vampire had appeared on 1 January 1600, and it fed once a
   month (which is less often than what is depicted in films and
   folklore), and every victim turned into a vampire, then within two and
   a half years the entire human population of the time would have become
   vampires.^[416][102] The paper made no attempt to address the
   credibility of the assumption that every vampire victim would turn into
   a vampire.

   In one of the more notable cases of vampiric entities in the modern
   age, the [417]chupacabra ("goat-sucker") of [418]Puerto Rico and
   [419]Mexico is said to be a creature that feeds upon the flesh or
   drinks the blood of [420]domesticated animals, leading some to consider
   it a kind of vampire. The "chupacabra hysteria" was frequently
   associated with deep economic and political crises, particularly during
   the mid-1990s.^[421][103]

   In Europe, where much of the vampire folklore originates, the vampire
   is usually considered a fictitious being, although many communities may
   have embraced the revenant for economic purposes. In some cases,
   especially in small localities, vampire superstition is still rampant
   and sightings or claims of vampire attacks occur frequently. In
   [422]Romania during February 2004, several relatives of Toma Petre
   feared that he had become a vampire. They dug up his corpse, tore out
   his heart, burned it, and mixed the ashes with water in order to drink
   it.^[423][104]

   Vampirism and the [424]Vampire lifestyle also represent a relevant part
   of modern day's [425]occultist movements.^[426][105] The mythos of the
   vampire, his [427]magickal qualities, allure, and predatory archetype
   express a strong symbolism that can be used in ritual, energy work, and
   magick, and can even be adopted as a spiritual system.^[428][106] The
   vampire has been part of the occult society in Europe for centuries and
   has spread into the American sub-culture as well for more than a
   decade, being strongly influenced by and mixed with the [429]neo gothic
   aesthetics.^[430][107]

Collective noun

   '[431]Coven' has been used as a collective noun for vampires, possibly
   based on the [432]Wiccan usage. An alternative collective noun is a
   'house' of vampires.^[433][108] David Malki, author of [434]Wondermark,
   suggests in Wondermark No. 566 the use of the collective noun
   'basement', as in "A basement of vampires."^[435][109]

Origins of vampire beliefs

   Commentators have offered many theories for the origins of vampire
   beliefs, trying to explain the superstition – and sometimes mass
   hysteria – caused by vampires. Everything ranging from [436]premature
   burial to the early ignorance of the body's [437]decomposition cycle
   after death has been cited as the cause for the belief in vampires.

Pathology

Decomposition

   Paul Barber in his book Vampires, Burial and Death has described that
   belief in vampires resulted from people of [438]pre-industrial
   societies attempting to explain the natural, but to them inexplicable,
   process of death and decomposition.^[439][110]

   People sometimes suspected vampirism when a cadaver did not look as
   they thought a normal corpse should when disinterred. However, rates of
   decomposition vary depending on temperature and soil composition, and
   many of the signs are little known. This has led vampire hunters to
   mistakenly conclude that a dead body had not decomposed at all, or,
   ironically, to interpret signs of decomposition as signs of continued
   life.^[440][111] Corpses swell as gases from decomposition accumulate
   in the torso and the increased pressure forces blood to ooze from the
   nose and mouth. This causes the body to look "plump," "well-fed," and
   "ruddy"—changes that are all the more striking if the person was pale
   or thin in life. In the [441]Arnold Paole case, an old woman's exhumed
   corpse was judged by her neighbours to look more plump and healthy than
   she had ever looked in life.^[442][112] The exuding blood gave the
   impression that the corpse had recently been engaging in vampiric
   activity.^[443][31] Darkening of the skin is also caused by
   decomposition.^[444][113] The staking of a swollen, decomposing body
   could cause the body to bleed and force the accumulated gases to escape
   the body. This could produce a groan-like sound when the gases moved
   past the vocal cords, or a sound reminiscent of [445]flatulence when
   they passed through the anus. The official reporting on the [446]Petar
   Blagojevich case speaks of "other wild signs which I pass by out of
   high respect".^[447][114]

   After death, the skin and gums lose fluids and contract, exposing the
   roots of the hair, nails, and teeth, even teeth that were concealed in
   the jaw. This can produce the illusion that the hair, nails, and teeth
   have grown. At a certain stage, the nails fall off and the skin peels
   away, as reported in the Blagojevich case—the [448]dermis and [449]nail
   beds emerging underneath were interpreted as "new skin" and "new
   nails".^[450][114]

Premature burial

   It has also been hypothesized that vampire legends were influenced by
   individuals being [451]buried alive because of shortcomings in the
   medical knowledge of the time. In some cases in which people reported
   sounds emanating from a specific coffin, it was later dug up and
   fingernail marks were discovered on the inside from the victim trying
   to escape. In other cases the person would hit their heads, noses or
   faces and it would appear that they had been "feeding."^[452][115] A
   problem with this theory is the question of how people presumably
   buried alive managed to stay alive for any extended period without
   food, water or fresh air. An alternate explanation for noise is the
   bubbling of escaping gases from natural decomposition of
   bodies.^[453][116] Another likely cause of disordered tombs is
   [454]grave robbing.^[455][117]

Contagion

   Folkloric vampirism has been associated with clusters of deaths from
   unidentifiable or mysterious illnesses, usually within the same family
   or the same small community.^[456][82] The epidemic allusion is obvious
   in the classical cases of [457]Petar Blagojevich and Arnold Paole, and
   even more so in the case of Mercy Brown and in the vampire beliefs of
   New England generally, where a specific disease, tuberculosis, was
   associated with outbreaks of vampirism. As with the pneumonic form of
   [458]bubonic plague, it was associated with breakdown of lung tissue
   which would cause blood to appear at the lips.^[459][118]

Porphyria

   In 1985 biochemist [460]David Dolphin proposed a link between the rare
   blood disorder [461]porphyria and vampire folklore. Noting that the
   condition is treated by intravenous [462]haem, he suggested that the
   consumption of large amounts of blood may result in haem being
   transported somehow across the stomach wall and into the bloodstream.
   Thus vampires were merely sufferers of porphyria seeking to replace
   haem and alleviate their symptoms.^[463][119] The theory has been
   rebuffed medically as suggestions that porphyria sufferers crave the
   haem in human blood, or that the consumption of blood might ease the
   symptoms of porphyria, are based on a misunderstanding of the disease.
   Furthermore, Dolphin was noted to have confused fictional
   (bloodsucking) vampires with those of folklore, many of whom were not
   noted to drink blood.^[464][120] Similarly, a parallel is made between
   sensitivity to sunlight by sufferers, yet this was associated with
   fictional and not folkloric vampires. In any case, Dolphin did not go
   on to publish his work more widely.^[465][121] Despite being dismissed
   by experts, the link gained media attention^[466][122] and entered
   popular modern folklore.^[467][123]

Rabies

   [468]Rabies has been linked with vampire folklore. Dr Juan
   Gómez-Alonso, a neurologist at Xeral Hospital in [469]Vigo, Spain,
   examined this possibility in a report in [470]Neurology. The
   susceptibility to garlic and light could be due to hypersensitivity,
   which is a symptom of rabies. The disease can also affect portions of
   the brain that could lead to disturbance of normal sleep patterns (thus
   becoming nocturnal) and [471]hypersexuality. Legend once said a man was
   not rabid if he could look at his own reflection (an allusion to the
   legend that vampires have no reflection). Wolves and bats, which are
   often associated with vampires, can be carriers of rabies. The disease
   can also lead to a drive to bite others and to a bloody frothing at the
   mouth.^[472][124]^[473][125]

Psychodynamic understanding

   In his 1931 treatise On the Nightmare, [474]Welsh [475]psychoanalyst
   [476]Ernest Jones asserted that vampires are symbolic of several
   unconscious drives and [477]defence mechanisms. Emotions such as love,
   guilt, and hate fuel the idea of the return of the dead to the grave.
   Desiring a reunion with loved ones, mourners may [478]project the idea
   that the recently dead must in return yearn the same. From this arises
   the belief that folkloric vampires and revenants visit relatives,
   particularly their spouses, first.^[479][126] In cases where there was
   unconscious guilt associated with the relationship, however, the wish
   for reunion may be subverted by anxiety. This may lead to
   [480]repression, which [481]Sigmund Freud had linked with the
   development of morbid dread.^[482][127] Jones surmised in this case the
   original wish of a (sexual) reunion may be drastically changed: desire
   is replaced by fear; love is replaced by sadism, and the object or
   loved one is replaced by an unknown entity. The sexual aspect may or
   may not be present.^[483][128] Some modern critics have proposed a
   simpler theory: People identify with immortal vampires because, by so
   doing, they overcome, or at least temporarily escape from, their fear
   of dying.^[484][129]

   The innate sexuality of bloodsucking can be seen in its intrinsic
   connection with [485]cannibalism and folkloric one with
   [486]incubus-like behaviour. Many legends report various beings
   draining other fluids from victims, an unconscious association with
   [487]semen being obvious. Finally Jones notes that when more normal
   aspects of sexuality are repressed, regressed forms may be expressed,
   in particular [488]sadism; he felt that [489]oral sadism is integral in
   vampiric behaviour.^[490][130]

Political interpretation

   The reinvention of the vampire myth in the modern era is not without
   political overtones.^[491][131] The aristocratic Count Dracula, alone
   in his castle apart from a few demented retainers, appearing only at
   night to feed on his peasantry, is symbolic of the parasitic
   [492]Ancien regime. In his entry for "Vampires" in the Dictionnaire
   philosophique (1764), Voltaire notices how the end of the 18th century
   coincided with the decline of the folkloric belief in the existence of
   vampires but that now "there were stock-jobbers, brokers, and men of
   business, who sucked the blood of the people in broad daylight; but
   they were not dead, though corrupted. These true suckers lived not in
   cemeteries, but in very agreeable palaces".^[493][132] Marx defined
   capital as "dead labour which, vampire-like, lives only by sucking
   living labour, and lives the more, the more labour it
   sucks".^[494][133] [495]Werner Herzog, in his [496]Nosferatu the
   Vampyre, gives this political interpretation an extra ironic twist when
   protagonist [497]Jonathon Harker, a middle-class solicitor, becomes the
   next vampire; in this way the capitalist [498]bourgeois becomes the
   next parasitic class.^[499][134]

Psychopathology

   A number of murderers have performed seemingly vampiric rituals upon
   their victims. [500]Serial killers [501]Peter Kürten and [502]Richard
   Trenton Chase were both called "vampires" in the [503]tabloids after
   they were discovered drinking the blood of the people they murdered.
   Similarly, in 1932, an unsolved murder case in [504]Stockholm, Sweden
   was nicknamed the "[505]Vampire murder", because of the circumstances
   of the victim's death.^[506][135] The late-16th-century Hungarian
   countess and mass murderer [507]Elizabeth Báthory became particularly
   infamous in later centuries' works, which depicted her bathing in her
   victims' blood in order to retain beauty or youth.^[508][136]

Modern vampire subcultures

   Vampire lifestyle is a term for a contemporary subculture of people,
   largely within the [509]Goth subculture, who consume the blood of
   others as a pastime; drawing from the rich recent history of popular
   culture related to cult symbolism, [510]horror films, the fiction of
   [511]Anne Rice, and the styles of Victorian England.^[512][137] Active
   vampirism within the vampire subculture includes both blood-related
   vampirism, commonly referred to as sanguine vampirism, and [513]psychic
   vampirism, or supposed feeding from [514]pranic energy.^[515][105]

Vampire bats

   Main article: [516]Vampire bat
   A [517]vampire bat in Peru

   Although many cultures have stories about them, [518]vampire bats have
   only recently become an integral part of the traditional vampire lore.
   Indeed, vampire bats were only integrated into vampire folklore when
   they were discovered on the South American mainland in the 16th
   century.^[519][138] Although there are no vampire bats in Europe,
   [520]bats and [521]owls have long been associated with the supernatural
   and omens, although mainly because of their nocturnal
   habits,^[522][138]^[523][139] and in modern English [524]heraldic
   tradition, a bat means "Awareness of the powers of darkness and
   chaos".^[525][140]

   The three species of actual vampire bats are all [526]endemic to Latin
   America, and there is no evidence to suggest that they had any [527]Old
   World relatives within human memory. It is therefore impossible that
   the folkloric vampire represents a distorted presentation or memory of
   the vampire bat. The bats were named after the folkloric vampire rather
   than vice versa; the Oxford English Dictionary records their folkloric
   use in English from 1734 and the zoological not until 1774. Although
   the vampire bat's bite is usually not harmful to a person, the bat has
   been known to actively feed on humans and large prey such as cattle and
   often leave the trademark, two-prong bite mark on its victim's
   skin.^[528][138]

   The literary [529]Dracula transforms into a bat several times in the
   novel, and vampire bats themselves are mentioned twice in it. The 1927
   stage production of Dracula followed the novel in having Dracula turn
   into a bat, as did the [530]film, where [531]Béla Lugosi would
   transform into a bat.^[532][138] The bat transformation scene would
   again be used by [533]Lon Chaney Jr. in 1943's [534]Son of
   Dracula.^[535][141]

In modern fiction

   [536]Count Dracula as portrayed by [537]Béla Lugosi in 1931's
   [538]Dracula
   Main article: [539]List of fictional vampires

   The vampire is now a fixture in popular fiction. Such fiction began
   with 18th-century poetry and continued with 19th-century short stories,
   the first and most influential of which was [540]John Polidori's The
   Vampyre (1819), featuring the vampire [541]Lord Ruthven.^[542][142]
   Lord Ruthven's exploits were further explored in a series of vampire
   plays in which he was the anti-hero. The vampire theme continued in
   [543]penny dreadful serial publications such as [544]Varney the Vampire
   (1847) and culminated in the pre-eminent vampire novel of all time:
   [545]Dracula by Bram Stoker, published in 1897.^[546][143] Over time,
   some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the
   vampire's profile: fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over
   the course of the 19th century, with Varney the Vampire and [547]Count
   Dracula both bearing protruding teeth,^[548][144] and [549]Murnau's
   [550]Nosferatu (1922) fearing daylight.^[551][145] The cloak appeared
   in stage productions of the 1920s, with a high collar introduced by
   playwright [552]Hamilton Deane to help Dracula 'vanish' on
   stage.^[553][146] Lord Ruthven and Varney were able to be healed by
   moonlight, although no account of this is known in traditional
   folklore.^[554][147] Implied though not often explicitly documented in
   folklore, [555]immortality is one attribute which features heavily in
   vampire film and literature. Much is made of the price of eternal life,
   namely the incessant need for blood of former equals.^[556][148]

Literature

   Main article: [557]Vampire literature
   "[558]Carmilla" by [559]D. H. Friston, 1872, from The Dark Blue

   The vampire or revenant first appeared in poems such as The Vampire
   (1748) by [560]Heinrich August Ossenfelder, [561]Lenore (1773) by
   [562]Gottfried August Bürger, Die Braut von Corinth (The Bride of
   Corinth) (1797) by [563]Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, [564]Robert
   Southey's Thalaba the Destroyer (1801), [565]John Stagg's "The Vampyre"
   (1810), [566]Percy Bysshe Shelley's [567]"The Spectral Horseman" (1810)
   ("Nor a yelling vampire reeking with gore") and "Ballad" in [568]St.
   Irvyne (1811) about a reanimated corpse, Sister Rosa, [569]Samuel
   Taylor Coleridge's unfinished [570]Christabel and [571]Lord Byron's
   [572]The Giaour.^[573][149] Byron was also credited with the first
   prose fiction piece concerned with vampires: The Vampyre (1819).
   However this was in reality authored by Byron's personal physician,
   [574]John Polidori, who adapted an enigmatic fragmentary tale of his
   illustrious patient, "Fragment of a Novel" (1819), also known as "The
   Burial: A Fragment".^[575][18]^[576][143] Byron's own dominating
   personality, mediated by his lover [577]Lady Caroline Lamb in her
   unflattering roman-a-clef, Glenarvon (a Gothic fantasia based on
   Byron's wild life), was used as a model for Polidori's undead
   protagonist [578]Lord Ruthven. The Vampyre was highly successful and
   the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century.^[579][2]

   [580]Varney the Vampire was a landmark popular mid-[581]Victorian era
   [582]gothic horror story by [583]James Malcolm Rymer and [584]Thomas
   Peckett Prest, which first appeared from 1845 to 1847 in a series of
   pamphlets generally referred to as [585]penny dreadfuls because of
   their inexpensive price and typically gruesome contents.^[586][142] The
   story was published in book form in 1847 and runs to 868
   double-columned pages. It has a distinctly suspenseful style, using
   vivid imagery to describe the horrifying exploits of Varney.^[587][147]
   Another important addition to the genre was [588]Sheridan Le Fanu's
   [589]lesbian vampire story [590]Carmilla (1871). Like Varney before
   her, the vampire Carmilla is portrayed in a somewhat sympathetic light
   as the compulsion of her condition is highlighted.^[591][150]

   No effort to depict vampires in popular fiction was as influential or
   as definitive as [592]Bram Stoker's Dracula (1897).^[593][151] Its
   portrayal of vampirism as a disease of contagious demonic possession,
   with its undertones of sex, blood and death, struck a chord in
   [594]Victorian Europe where tuberculosis and [595]syphilis were common.
   The vampiric traits described in Stoker's work merged with and
   dominated folkloric tradition, eventually evolving into the modern
   fictional vampire.^[596][142] Drawing on past works such as The Vampyre
   and "Carmilla", Stoker began to research his new book in the late 19th
   century, reading works such as The Land Beyond the Forest (1888) by
   [597]Emily Gerard and other books about Transylvania and vampires. In
   London, a colleague mentioned to him the story of [598]Vlad Ţepeş, the
   "real-life Dracula," and Stoker immediately incorporated this story
   into his book. The first chapter of the book was omitted when it was
   published in 1897, but it was released in 1914 as Dracula's
   Guest.^[599][152]

   The latter part of the 20th century saw the rise of multi-volume
   vampire epics. The first of these was Gothic romance writer
   [600]Marilyn Ross' [601]Barnabas Collins series (1966–71), loosely
   based on the contemporary American TV series [602]Dark Shadows. It also
   set the trend for seeing vampires as poetic [603]tragic heroes rather
   than as the more traditional embodiment of evil. This formula was
   followed in novelist Anne Rice's highly popular and influential
   [604]Vampire Chronicles (1976–2003).^[605][153]

   The 21st century brought more examples of vampire fiction, such as
   [606]J.R. Ward's [607]Black Dagger Brotherhood series, and other highly
   popular vampire books which appeal to teenagers and young adults. Such
   vampiric [608]paranormal romance novels and allied vampiric
   [609]chick-lit and vampiric [610]occult detective stories are a
   remarkably popular and ever-expanding contemporary publishing
   phenomenon.^[611][154] [612]L.A. Banks' [613]The Vampire Huntress
   Legend Series, [614]Laurell K. Hamilton's erotic [615]Anita Blake:
   Vampire Hunter series, and [616]Kim Harrison's [617]The Hollows series,
   portray the vampire in a variety of new perspectives, some of them
   unrelated to the original legends. Vampires in the [618]Twilight series
   (2005–2008) by [619]Stephenie Meyer ignore the effects of garlic and
   crosses, and are not harmed by sunlight (although it does reveal their
   supernatural nature).^[620][155] [621]Richelle Mead further deviates
   from traditional vampires in her [622]Vampire Academy series
   (2007–present), basing the novels on Romanian lore with two races of
   vampires, one good and one evil, as well as half-vampires.^[623][156]

Film and television

   Main article: [624]Vampire film
   Iconic scene from [625]F. W. Murnau's [626]Nosferatu, 1922

   Considered one of the preeminent figures of the classic horror film,
   the vampire has proven to be a rich subject for the film and gaming
   industries. [627]Dracula is a major character in more films than any
   other but [628]Sherlock Holmes, and many early films were either based
   on the novel of Dracula or closely derived from it. These included the
   landmark 1922 German silent film [629]Nosferatu, directed by [630]F. W.
   Murnau and featuring the first film portrayal of Dracula—although names
   and characters were intended to mimic Dracula's, Murnau could not
   obtain permission to do so from Stoker's widow, and had to alter many
   aspects of the film. In addition to this film was Universal's
   [631]Dracula (1931), starring Béla Lugosi as the Count in what was the
   first talking film to portray Dracula. The decade saw several more
   vampire films, most notably [632]Dracula's Daughter in 1936.^[633][157]

   The legend of the vampire was cemented in the film industry when
   Dracula was reincarnated for a new generation with the celebrated
   [634]Hammer Horror series of films, starring [635]Christopher Lee as
   the Count. The successful 1958 [636]Dracula starring Lee was followed
   by seven sequels. Lee returned as Dracula in all but two of these and
   became well known in the role.^[637][158] By the 1970s, vampires in
   films had diversified with works such as [638]Count Yorga, Vampire
   (1970), an African Count in 1972's [639]Blacula, the BBC's [640]Count
   Dracula featuring French actor [641]Louis Jourdan as Dracula and
   [642]Frank Finlay as Abraham Van Helsing, and a Nosferatu-like vampire
   in 1979's [643]Salem's Lot, and a remake of Nosferatu itself, titled
   [644]Nosferatu the Vampyre with [645]Klaus Kinski the same year.
   Several films featured female, often lesbian, vampire antagonists such
   as Hammer Horror's [646]The Vampire Lovers (1970) based on Carmilla,
   though the plotlines still revolved around a central evil vampire
   character.^[647][158]

   The pilot for the Dan Curtis 1972 television series [648]Kolchak: The
   Night Stalker revolved around reporter Carl Kolchak hunting a vampire
   on the Las Vegas strip. Later films showed more diversity in plotline,
   with some focusing on the vampire-hunter, such as [649]Blade in the
   [650]Marvel Comics' [651]Blade films and the film [652]Buffy the
   Vampire Slayer.^[653][142] Buffy, released in 1992, foreshadowed a
   vampiric presence on television, with adaptation to a long-running hit
   [654]TV series of the same name and its spin-off [655]Angel. Still
   others showed the vampire as protagonist, such as 1983's [656]The
   Hunger, 1994's [657]Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles
   and its indirect sequel of sorts [658]Queen of the Damned, and the 2007
   series [659]Moonlight. [660]Bram Stoker's Dracula was a noteworthy 1992
   film which became the then-highest grossing vampire film
   ever.^[661][159] This increase of interest in vampiric plotlines led to
   the vampire being depicted in films such as [662]Underworld and
   [663]Van Helsing, and the Russian [664]Night Watch and a TV miniseries
   remake of [665]'Salem's Lot, both from 2004. The series [666]Blood Ties
   premiered on [667]Lifetime Television in 2007, featuring a character
   portrayed as Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of [668]Henry VIII of
   England turned vampire, in modern-day [669]Toronto, with a female
   former Toronto detective in the starring role. A 2008 series from HBO,
   entitled [670]True Blood, gives a [671]Southern take to the vampire
   theme.^[672][155] In the same year the [673]BBC Three series [674]Being
   Human became popular in Britain. It featured an unconventional trio of
   a vampire, a werewolf and a ghost who are sharing a flat in
   [675]Bristol.^[676][160]^[677][161] Another popular vampire-related
   show is CW's [678]The Vampire Diaries. The continuing popularity of the
   vampire theme has been ascribed to a combination of two factors: the
   representation of [679]sexuality and the perennial dread of
   mortality.^[680][162] Another "vampiric" series that has come out
   between 2008 and 2012 is the [681]Twilight Saga, a series of films
   based on the book series of the same name.

   In quite another type of depiction, [682]Count von Count, a harmless
   and friendly vampire parodying Bela Lugosi's depictions, is a major
   character on the children's television series [683]Sesame Street. He
   teaches counting and simple arithmetic through his compulsion to count
   everything, a trait he shares with certain other vampires of folklore.

Games

   The [684]role-playing game [685]Vampire: the Masquerade has been
   influential upon modern vampire fiction and elements of its
   terminology, such as embrace and sire, appear in contemporary
   fiction.^[686][142] Popular [687]video games about vampires include
   [688]Castlevania, which is an extension of the original Bram Stoker
   Dracula novel, and [689]Legacy of Kain.^[690][163] Vampires are also
   sporadically portrayed in other games, including [691]The Elder Scrolls
   IV: Oblivion, when a character can become afflicted with porphyric
   haemophilia.^[692][164] A different take on vampires is presented in
   Bethesda's other game [693]Fallout 3 with "The Family". Members of the
   Family are afflicted with a manic desire to [694]consume human flesh,
   but restrict themselves to drinking blood to avoid becoming complete
   monsters.^[695][165]

Notes

    1. ^ [696]^a [697]^b Silver & Ursini, The Vampire Film, pp. 22-23.
    2. ^ [698]^a [699]^b Silver & Ursini, The Vampire Film, pp. 37-38.
       Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "SU378" defined multiple times
       with different content (see the [700]help page).
    3. [701]^ J. Simpson, E. Weiner (eds), ed. (1989). "Vampire". Oxford
       English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
       [702]ISBN [703]0-19-861186-2.
    4. [704]^ Vermeir, K. (2012). Vampires as Creatures of the
       Imagination: Theories of Body, Soul, and Imagination in Early
       Modern Vampire Tracts (1659–1755). In Y. Haskell (Ed.), Diseases of
       the Imagination and Imaginary Disease in the Early Modern Period.
       Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
    5. ^ [705]^a [706]^b [707]^c Barber, p. 5.
    6. [708]^ [709]"Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm
       Grimm. 16 Bde. (in 32 Teilbänden). Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960"
       (in German). Archived from [710]the original on 26 September 2007.
       Retrieved 2006-06-13.
    7. [711]^ [712]"Vampire". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved
       2006-06-13.
    8. [713]^ [714]"Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé" (in
       French). Retrieved 2006-06-13.
    9. [715]^ Dauzat, Albert (1938). Dictionnaire étymologique de la
       langue française (in French). Paris: Librairie Larousse.
       [716]OCLC [717]904687.
   10. [718]^ Weibel, Peter. [719]"Phantom Painting – Reading Reed:
       Painting between Autopsy and Autoscopy". David Reed's Vampire Study
       Center. Archived from [720]the original on 27 September 2007.
       Retrieved 2007-02-23.
   11. [721]^ Dragana Jovanović (29 November 2012). [722]"Vampire Threat
       Terrorizes Serbian Village". ABC News. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
   12. [723]^ [724]Tokarev, Sergei Aleksandrovich (1982). Mify Narodov
       Mira (in Russian). Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya: Moscow.
       [725]OCLC [726]7576647.  ("Myths of the Peoples of the World").
       Upyr'
   13. ^ [727]^a [728]^b [729]"Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max
       Vasmer" (in Russian). Retrieved 2006-06-13.
   14. [730]^ (Bulgarian)Mladenov, Stefan (1941). Etimologičeski i
       pravopisen rečnik na bǎlgarskiya knižoven ezik.
   15. [731]^ MACHEK, V.: Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 5th
       edition, NLN, Praha 2010
   16. [732]^ [733]Рыбаков Б.А. Язычество древних славян / М.:
       Издательство 'Наука,' 1981 г. (in Russian). Retrieved 2007-02-28.
   17. [734]^ Зубов, Н.И. (1998). [735]Загадка Периодизации Славянского
       Язычества В Древнерусских Списках "Слова Св. Григория ... О Том,
       Како Первое Погани Суще Языци, Кланялися Идолом...". Живая Старина
       (in Russian) 1 (17): 6–10. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
   18. ^ [736]^a [737]^b [738]^c [739]^d [740]^e Cohen, pp. 271–274.
   19. [741]^ Barber, pp. 41–42.
   20. ^ [742]^a [743]^b Barber, p. 2.
   21. [744]^ Barber, p. 33.
   22. ^ [745]^a [746]^b [747]^c Reader's Digest Association (1988).
       "Vampires Galore!". The Reader's Digest Book of strange stories,
       amazing facts: stories that are bizarre, unusual, odd, astonishing,
       incredible ... but true. London: Reader's Digest. pp. 432–433.
       [748]ISBN [749]0-949819-89-1.
   23. [750]^ Barber, pp. 50–51.
   24. [751]^ Lawson, John Cuthbert (1910). Modern Greek Folklore and
       Ancient Greek Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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       Gesellschaft für Volkskunde (in German) 11: 58–93.
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       Berlin. p. 99.
   44. [792]^ Bachtold-Staubli, H. (1934–35). Handwörterbuch des deutschen
       Aberglaubens (in German). Berlin.
   45. [793]^ Filipovic, Milenko (1962). "Die Leichenverbrennung bei den
       Südslaven". Wiener völkerkundliche Mitteilungen (in German) 10:
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   46. [794]^ Barber, p. 158.
   47. [795]^ Greenfieldboyce, Nell (November 27, 2014). [796]"Scientists
       Analyze Skeletal Remains From Vampire Graveyard". NPR. Retrieved 8
       March 2015.
   48. [797]^ Barber, p. 157.
   49. [798]^ Reported by Ariel David, "Italy dig unearths female
       'vampire' in Venice," 13 March 2009, [799]Associated Press via
       [800]Yahoo! News, [801]archived; also by Reuters, published under
       the headline "Researchers find remains that support medieval
       'vampire'" in The Australian, 13 March 2009, [802]archived with
       photo (scroll down).
   50. [803]^ Bunson, p. 154.
   51. [804]^ [805]'Vampire' skeletons found in Bulgaria near Black Sea
       BBC, 6 June 2012
   52. [806]^ [807]Skeletons treated for vampirism found in Bulgaria Fox
       News, 5 June 2012.
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   55. [812]^ [813]Burton, Sir Richard R. (1893) [1870]. [814]Vikram and
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   56. [817]^ Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 200.
   57. [818]^ Marigny, p. 14.
   58. ^ [819]^a [820]^b Hurwitz, Lilith.
   59. [821]^ Shael, Rabbi (1 June 2009). [822]"Rabbi Shael
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       Note about the Icelandic Draugr and Demonic Contamination in
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       Annotated Dracula. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 570.
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       Davanzati’s Dissertation and the Reaction of Scientific Italian
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   77. [867]^ Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 11.
   78. [868]^ Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 2.
   79. [869]^ Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 219.
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       Mitologia Chilota, leyendas (in Spanish). Chile: Ediciones de la
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       [876]"Bioarcheological and biocultural evidence for the New England
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   83. [881]^ [882]"Interview with a REAL Vampire Stalker".
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   89. [893]^ Hoyt, p. 34.
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   92. [898]^ Bunson, Vampire Encyclopedia, p. 150.
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       Fun. p. 31. [901]ISBN [902]1-904332-48-X.
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   101. [918]^ Jeffries, Stuart (18 January 2005). [919]"Reality Bites".
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   102. [920]^ [921]Math vs. vampires: vampires lose, world-science.net,
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   103. [922]^ Stephen Wagner. [923]"On the trail of the Chupacabras".
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       slayers". The Independent (London). Retrieved 2007-12-14.
   105. ^ [926]^a [927]^b Jøn, A. Asbjørn (2002). [928]"The Psychic
       Vampire and Vampyre Subculture". Australian Folklore: A Yearly
       Journal of Folklore Studies (University of New England) (12):
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   106. [931]^ Hume, L., & Kathleen Mcphillips, K. (Eds.). (2006). Popular
       spiritualities: The politics of contemporary enchantment.
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   107. [932]^ Young, T. H. (1999). "Dancing on Bela Lugosi's grave: The
       politics and aesthetics of Gothic club dancing". Dance Research 17
       (1): 75–97. [933]JSTOR [934]1290878.
   108. [935]^ Belanger, Michelle (2007). Vampires in Their Own Words: An
       Anthology of Vampire Voices. Woodbury MN: Llewellyn Worldwide.
       p. 118. [936]ISBN [937]978-0-7387-1220-8.
       [938]OCLC [939]245535068.
   109. [940]^ Malki, David (30 October 2009). [941]"Wondermark »
       Archive » #566; Supernatural Collective Nouns.". UNDEAD CLASS. "A
       basement of vampires."
   110. [942]^ Barber, pp. 1–4.
   111. [943]^ Barber, Paul (March–April 1996). [944]"Staking Claims: The
       Vampires of Folklore and Fiction". [945]Skeptical Inquirer 20 (2).
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   112. [946]^ Barber, p. 117.
   113. [947]^ Barber, p. 105.
   114. ^ [948]^a [949]^b Barber, p. 119.
   115. [950]^ Marigny, pp. 48–49.
   116. [951]^ Barber, p. 128.
   117. [952]^ Barber, pp. 137–38.
   118. [953]^ Barber, p. 115.
   119. [954]^ Dolphin D (1985) "Werewolves and Vampires," annual meeting
       of American Association for the Advancement of Science.
   120. [955]^ Barber, p. 100.
   121. [956]^ Adams, Cecil (7 May 1999). [957]"Did vampires suffer from
       the disease porphyria—or not?". The Straight Dope. Chicago Reader.
       Retrieved 2007-12-25.
   122. [958]^ Pierach, Claus A. (13 June 1985). [959]"Vampire Label
       Unfair To Porphyria Sufferers". Opinion. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
   123. [960]^ Kujtan, Peter W. (29 October 2005). [961]"Porphyria: The
       Vampire Disease". The Mississauga News online. Retrieved
       2009-11-09.
   124. [962]^ Gómez-Alonso, Juan (1998). "Rabies: a possible explanation
       for the vampire legend". Neurology 51 (3): 856–9.
       [963]doi:[964]10.1212/WNL.51.3.856. [965]PMID [966]9748039.
   125. [967]^ [968]"Rabies-The Vampire's Kiss". BBC news. 24 September
       1998. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
   126. [969]^ Jones, pp. 100–102.
   127. [970]^ Jones, Ernest (1911). "The Pathology of Morbid Anxiety".
       Journal of Abnormal Psychology 6 (2): 81–106.
       [971]doi:[972]10.1037/h0074306. [973]PMID [974]17296997.
   128. [975]^ Jones, p. 106.
   129. [976]^ [977]McMahon, Twilight of an Idol, p. 193.
   130. [978]^ Jones, "The Vampire", pp. 116–20.
   131. [979]^ Glover, David (1996). Vampires, Mummies, and Liberals: Bram
       Stoker and the Politics of Popular Fiction. Durham, NC.: Duke
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   132. [982]^ [983]VAMPIRES. – Voltaire, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. VII
       (Philosophical Dictionary Part 5) (1764)
   133. [984]^ An extensive discussion of the diffenrent uses of the
       vampire metaphor in Marx's writings can be found in Policante, A.
       [985]"Vampires of Capital: Gothic Reflections between horror and
       hope" in [986]Cultural Logic, 2010.
   134. [987]^ Brass, Tom (2000). "Nymphs, Shepherds, and Vampires: The
       Agrarian Myth on Film". Dialectical Anthropology 25 (3/4): 205–237.
       [988]doi:[989]10.1023/A:1011615201664.
   135. [990]^ Linnell, Stig (1993) [1968]. Stockholms spökhus och andra
       ruskiga ställen (in Swedish). Raben Prisma.
       [991]ISBN [992]91-518-2738-7.
   136. [993]^ Hoyt, pp. 68–71.
   137. [994]^ Skal(1993) pp. 342–43.
   138. ^ [995]^a [996]^b [997]^c [998]^d Cohen, pp. 95–96.
   139. [999]^ Cooper, J.C. (1992). Symbolic and Mythological Animals.
       London: Aquarian Press. pp. 25–26. [1000]ISBN [1001]1-85538-118-4.
   140. [1002]^ [1003]"Heraldic "Meanings"". American College of Heraldry.
       Retrieved 2006-04-30.
   141. [1004]^ Skal (1996) pp. 19–21.
   142. ^ [1005]^a [1006]^b [1007]^c [1008]^d [1009]^e Jøn, A. Asbjørn
       (2001). [1010]"From Nosteratu to Von Carstein: shifts in the
       portrayal of vampires". Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of
       Folklore Studies (University of New England) (16): 97–106.
       Retrieved 1 November 2015.
   143. ^ [1011]^a [1012]^b Christopher Frayling (1992) Vampyres – Lord
       Byron to Count Dracula.
   144. [1013]^ Skal(1996) p. 99.
   145. [1014]^ Skal(1996) p. 104.
   146. [1015]^ Skal(1996) p. 62.
   147. ^ [1016]^a [1017]^b Silver & Ursini, pp. 38–39.
   148. [1018]^ Bunson, p. 131.
   149. [1019]^ Marigny, pp. 114–115.
   150. [1020]^ Silver & Ursini, pp. 40–41.
   151. [1021]^ Silver & Ursini, p. 43.
   152. [1022]^ Marigny, pp. 82–85.
   153. [1023]^ Silver & Ursini, p. 205.
   154. [1024]^ [1025]Vampire Romance.
   155. ^ [1026]^a [1027]^b Beam, Christopher (20 November 2008). [1028]"I
       Vant To Upend Your Expectations: Why film vampires always break all
       the vampire rules". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
   156. [1029]^ [1030]"Vampire buzz takes bite in Kirkland".
       Pnwlocalnews.com. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
   157. [1031]^ Marigny, pp. 90–92.
   158. ^ [1032]^a [1033]^b Marigny, pp. 92–95.
   159. [1034]^ Silver & Ursini, p. 208.
   160. [1035]^ Germania, Monica (2012): Being Human? Twenty-First-Century
       Monsters. In: Edwards, Justin & Monnet, Agnieszka Soltysik
       (Publisher): The Gothic in Contemporary Literature and Popular
       Culture: Pop Goth. New York: Taylor P.57-70
   161. [1036]^ Dan Martin (19 June 2014). [1037]"Top-10 most important
       vampire programs in TV history". Cleveland.com. Retrieved 8 August
       2014.
   162. [1038]^ Bartlett, Wayne; Flavia Idriceanu (2005). Legends of
       Blood: The Vampire in History and Myth. London: NPI Media Group.
       p. 46. [1039]ISBN [1040]0-7509-3736-X.
   163. [1041]^ S. T. Joshi (January 2007). [1042]Icons of horror and the
       supernatural 2. pp. 645–6. [1043]ISBN [1044]978-0-313-33782-6.
   164. [1045]^ [1046]"Vampirism in Oblivion".
   165. [1047]^ [1048]"The Family".

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     * Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of
       Horror. New York: Penguin. [1083]ISBN [1084]0-14-024002-0.
     * Skal, David J. (1996). V is for Vampire. New York: Plume.
       [1085]ISBN [1086]0-452-27173-8.
     * Silver, Alain; James Ursini (1993). The Vampire Film: From
       Nosferatu to Bram Stoker's Dracula. New York: Limelight.
       [1087]ISBN [1088]0-87910-170-9.
     * [1089]Summers, Montague (2005) [1928]. Vampires and Vampirism.
       Mineola, NY: Dover. [1090]ISBN [1091]0-486-43996-8.  (Originally
       published as The Vampire: His Kith and Kin)
     * Summers, Montague (1996) [1929]. The Vampire in Europe. Gramercy
       Books: New York. [1092]ISBN [1093]0-517-14989-3.  (also published
       as The Vampire in Lore and Legend, [1094]ISBN 0-486-41942-8)
     * Vuković, Milan T. (2004). Народни обичаји, веровања и пословице код
       Срба (in Serbian). Belgrade: Сазвежђа.
       [1095]ISBN [1096]86-83699-08-0.
     * Wilson, Katharina M (Oct–Dec 1985). "The History of the Word
       "Vampire"". Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (4): 577–583.
       [1097]doi:[1098]10.2307/2709546. [1099]JSTOR [1100]2709546.
     * Wright, Dudley (1973) [1914]. The Book of Vampires. New York:
       Causeway Books. [1101]ISBN [1102]0-88356-007-0.  (Originally
       published as Vampire and Vampirism; also published as The History
       of Vampires)

Vampires: Fact, Fiction and Folklore

   by Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor
   Date: 22 October 2014 Time: 08:34 PM ET

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   Vampire Vampire
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   Vampires are a perennial favorite around Halloween, but they can be
   found year-round in movies and on television, in books and on blogs.
   The public's thirst for vampires seems as endless as vampires' thirst
   for blood. Modern writers of vampire fiction, including Stephenie
   Meyer, Anne Rice, Stephen King and countless others, have a rich vein
   of vampire lore to draw from. But where did the vampires come from?
   bela lugosi as dracula
   Bela Lugosi's portrayal of Dracula has influenced how many people
   picture vampires.

   The most famous vampire is, of course, Bram Stoker's Dracula, though
   those looking for a historical "real" Dracula often cite Romanian
   prince [11]Vlad Tepes (1431-1476), after whom Stoker is said to have
   modeled some aspects of his Dracula character. The characterization of
   Tepes as a vampire, however, is a distinctly Western one; in Romania,
   he is viewed not as a blood-drinking sadist but as a national hero who
   defended his empire from the Ottoman Turks.

   The vampires most people are familiar with (such as Dracula) are
   revenants — human corpses that are said to return from the grave to
   harm the living; these vampires have Slavic origins only a few hundred
   years old. But other, older, versions of the vampire were not thought
   to be human at all but instead supernatural, possibly demonic, entities
   that did not take human form.

   Matthew Beresford, author of "[12]From Demons to Dracula: The Creation
   of the Modern Vampire Myth" (Reaktion, 2008), notes, "There are clear
   foundations for the vampire in the ancient world, and it is impossible
   to prove when the myth first arose. There are suggestions that the
   vampire was born out of sorcery in ancient Egypt, a demon summoned into
   this world from some other." There are many variations of vampires from
   around the world. There are Asian vampires, such as the Chinese
   jiangshi (pronounced chong-shee), evil spirits that attack people and
   drain their life energy; the blood-drinking Wrathful Deities that
   appear in the "Tibetan Book of the Dead," and many others.

Identifying vampires

   While most people can name several elements of vampire lore, there are
   no firmly established characteristics. Some vampires are said to be
   able to turn into bats or wolves; others can't. Some are said not to
   cast a reflection, but others do. Holy water and sunlight are said to
   repel or kill some vampires, but not others. The one universal
   characteristic is the draining of a vital bodily fluid, typically
   blood. One of the reasons that vampires make such successful literary
   figures is that they have a rich and varied history and folklore.
   Writers can play with the "rules" while adding, subtracting or changing
   them to fit whatever story they have in mind.

   Finding a vampire is not always easy: according to one Romanian legend
   you'll need a 7-year-old boy and a white horse. The boy should be
   dressed in white, placed upon the horse, and the pair set loose in a
   graveyard at midday. Watch the horse wander around, and whichever grave
   is nearest the horse when it finally stops is a vampire's grave — or it
   might just have something edible nearby; take your pick.

   Interest and belief in revenants surged in the Middle Ages in Europe.
   Though in most modern stories the classic way to become a vampire is to
   be bitten by one, that is a relatively new twist. In his book
   "[13]Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality" (Yale, 2008),
   folklorist Paul Barber noted that centuries ago, "Often potential
   revenants can be identified at birth, usually by some abnormality, some
   defect, as when a child is born with teeth. Similarly suspicious are
   children born with an extra nipple (in Romania, for example); with a
   lack of cartilage in the nose, or a split lower lip (in Russia) … When
   a child is born with a red caul, or amniotic membrane, covering its
   head, this was regarded throughout much of Europe as presumptive
   evidence that it is destined to return from the dead." Such minor
   deformities were looked upon as evil omens at the time.

   The belief in vampires stems from superstition and mistaken assumptions
   about postmortem decay. The first recorded accounts of vampires follow
   a consistent pattern: Some unexplained misfortune would befall a
   person, family or town — perhaps a drought dried up crops, or an
   infectious disease struck. Before science could explain weather
   patterns and germ theory, any bad event for which there was not an
   obvious cause might be blamed on a vampire. Vampires were one easy
   answer to the age-old question of why bad things happen to good people.

   Villagers combined their belief that something had cursed them with
   fear of the dead, and concluded that perhaps the recently deceased
   might be responsible, having come back from the graves with evil
   intent. Graves were unearthed, and surprised villagers often mistook
   ordinary decomposition processes for supernatural phenomenon. For
   example, though laypeople might assume that a body would decompose
   immediately, if the coffin is well sealed and buried in winter,
   putrefaction might be delayed by weeks or months; intestinal
   decomposition creates bloating which can force blood up into the mouth,
   making it look like a dead body has recently sucked blood. These
   processes are well understood by modern doctors and morticians, but in
   medieval Europe were taken as unmistakable signs that vampires were
   real and existed among them.
   A buried skull with vampire-like qualities
   A skeleton buried in the cemetery of Vecchiano in Pisa showing a
   similar condition to the purported "Venetian vampire."
   Credit: Antonio Fornaciari

Vampire defense and protection

   The best way to deal with vampires, of course, is to prevent them from
   coming back in the first place. A few centuries ago in Europe this was
   often accomplished by staking suspected vampires in their graves; the
   idea was to physically pin the vampire to the earth, and the chest was
   chosen because it's the trunk of the body. This tradition was later
   reflected in popular fiction depicting wooden stakes as dispatching
   vampires. There was no particular significance to using wood; according
   to folklore, vampires — like djinn (genies) and many other magical
   creatures — fear iron, so an iron bar would be even more effective than
   a wooden stake.

   Other traditional methods of killing vampires include decapitation and
   stuffing the severed head's mouth with garlic or a brick. In fact,
   suspected vampire graves have been found with just such signs.
   According to a 2012 Live Science article, "The body of the woman was
   found in a mass grave on the Venetian island of Nuovo Lazzaretto.
   Suspecting that she might be a vampire, a common folk belief at the
   time, gravediggers [14]shoved a rock into her skull to prevent her from
   chewing through her shroud and infecting others with the plague, said
   anthropologist Matteo Borrini of the University of Florence." Other
   researchers later challenged this interpretation, and suggested that
   the brick may not have been placed in the mouth after all, but instead
   was one of many bricks surrounding the body that merely fell there
   after burial. Whether that burial reflected an accused vampire or not,
   other graves are much clearer. In 2013, archaeologists in Bulgaria
   found [15]two skeletons with iron rods through their chests; the pair
   are believed to have been accused vampires, according to an article in
   Archaeology magazine.
   A purported "vampire" found in Venice
   The skull of the "vampire of Venice," found in a mass grave with a
   brick stuck in its jaw.
   Credit: Matteo Borrini

   If your local villagers neglected to unearth and stake a suspected
   vampire and he or she has returned from the grave, there are steps you
   can take to protect yourself. The exact method varies around the world,
   but in some traditions the best way to stop a vampire is to carry a
   small bag of salt with you. If you are being chased, you need only to
   spill the salt on the ground behind you, at which point the vampire is
   obligated to stop and count each and every grain before continuing the
   pursuit. If you don't have salt handy, some say that any small granules
   will do, including birdseed or sand. Salt was often placed above and
   around doorways for the same reason.

   Some traditions hold that vampires cannot enter a home unless formally
   invited in. This may have been an early form of the modern "stranger
   danger" warnings to children, a scary reminder against inviting unknown
   people into the house.
   vampirebat2010-110812-02
   Credit: Ltshears | Wikimedia

Real vampires

   There are, of course, a few truly vampiric animals, including leeches,
   lampreys and vampire bats. And in all these cases the vampire's intent
   is to draw enough blood for sustenance, but not enough to kill the
   host.

   But what about human vampires? There are certainly many self-identified
   vampires who participate in gothic-inspired subcultures. Some host
   vampire-themed book clubs or secret bloodletting rituals; others wear
   capes or get vampire-fang dental implants. It's all frightening and
   fun, but blood drinking is another matter entirely. The problem is that
   blood is toxic; because it is so rich in iron — and because the human
   body has difficulty excreting excess iron — anyone who consumes blood
   regularly runs a real risk of haemochromatosis (iron overdose), which
   can cause a wide variety of diseases and problems, including liver and
   nervous system damage.

   In one form or another, vampires have been part of human culture and
   folklore in different forms for millennia, and the bloodsuckers show no
   signs of going away any time soon.

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Vampires

   [INS: :INS]
    1. Many scholars argue the word “vampire” is either from the Hungarian
       vampir or from the Turkish upior, upper, upyr meaning “witch.”
       Other scholars argue the term derived from the Greek word “to
       drink” or from the Greek nosophoros meaning “plague carrier.” It
       may also derive from the Serbian Bamiiup or the Serbo-Crotian
       pirati. There are many terms for “vampire” found across cultures,
       suggesting that vampires are embedded in human consciousness.^b
    2. A group a vampires has variously been called a clutch, brood,
       coven, pack, or a clan.^f
    3. Probably the most famous vampire of all time, Count Dracula, quoted
       Deuteronomy 12:23: “The blood is the life.”^f
    4. The Muppet vampire, Count von Count from Sesame Street, is based on
       actual vampire myth. One way to supposedly deter a vampire is to
       throw seeds (usually mustard) outside a door or place fishing net
       outside a window. Vampires are compelled to count the seeds or the
       holes in the net, delaying them until the sun comes up.^b


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    dolmens
    [home_blank.gif]
    Celtic for “stone tables,“ dolmens may have been placed over graves to
    keep vampires from rising
    [home_blank.gif]

    5. Prehistoric stone monuments called “dolmens” have been found over
       the graves of the dead in northwest Europe. Anthropologists
       speculate they have been placed over graves to keep vampires from
       rising.^c
    6. A rare disease called porphyria (also called the "vampire" or
       "Dracula" disease) causes vampire-like symptoms, such as an extreme
       sensitivity to sunlight and sometimes hairiness. In extreme cases,
       teeth might be stained reddish brown, and eventually the patient
       may go mad.^c
    7. Documented medical disorders that people accused of being a vampire
       may have suffered from include haematodipsia, which is a sexual
       thirst for blood, and hemeralopia or day blindness. Anemia
       (“bloodlessness”) was often mistaken for a symptom of a vampire
       attack.^f

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   Elizabeth Bathory
   [home_blank.gif]
   Considered a "true" vampire, Elizabeth Bathory supposedly bathed in the
   blood of young virgins
   [home_blank.gif]

    8. One of the most famous “true vampires” was Countess Elizabeth
       Bathory (1560-1614) who was accused of biting the flesh of girls
       while torturing them and bathing in their blood to retain her
       youthful beauty. She was by all accounts a very attractive woman.^f
    9. Vampire legends may have been based on Vlad of Walachia, also known
       as Vlad the Impaler (c. 1431-1476). He had a habit of nailing hats
       to people’s heads, skinning them alive, and impaling them on
       upright stakes. He also liked to dip bread into the blood of his
       enemies and eat it. His name, Vlad, means son of the dragon or
       Dracula, who has been identified as the historical Dracula. Though
       Vlad the Impaler was murdered in 1476, his tomb is reported
       empty.^f
   10. One of the earliest accounts of vampires is found in an ancient
       Sumerian and Babylonian myth dating to 4,000 B.C. which describes
       ekimmu or edimmu (one who is snatched away). The ekimmu is a type
       of uruku or utukku (a spirit or demon) who was not buried properly
       and has returned as a vengeful spirit to suck the life out of the
       living.^a
   11. According to the Egyptian text the Pert em Hru (Egyptian Book of
       the Dead), if the ka (one of the five parts of the soul) does not
       receive particular offerings, it ventures out of its tomb as a kha
       to find nourishment, which may include drinking the blood of the
       living. In addition, the Egyptian goddess Sekhmet was known to
       drink blood. The ancient fanged goddess Kaliof India also had a
       powerful desire for blood.^a
   12. Chinese vampires were called a ch’iang shih (corpse-hopper) and had
       red eyes and crooked claws. They were said to have a strong sexual
       drive that led them to attack women. As they grew stronger, the
       ch’iang shih gained the ability to fly, grew long white hair, and
       could also change into a [11]wolf.^a
   13. While both vampires and zombies generally belong to the “undead,”
       there are differences between them depending on the mythology from
       which they emerged. For example, zombies tend to have a lower IQ
       than vampires, prefer brains and flesh rather than strictly blood,
       are immune to garlic, most likely have a reflection in the mirror,
       are based largely in African myth, move more slowly due to rotting
       muscles, can enter churches, and are not necessarily afraid of fire
       or sunlight.^f
   14. Vampire hysteria and corpse mutilations to “kill” suspected
       vampires were so pervasive in Europe during the mid-eighteenth
       century that some rulers created laws to prevent the unearthing of
       bodies. In some areas, mass hysteria led to public executions of
       people believed to be vampires.^b
   15. The first full work of fiction about a vampire in English was John
       Polidori’s influential The Vampyre, which was published incorrectly
       under Lord Byron’s name. Polidori (1795-1821) was Byron’s doctor
       and based his vampire on Byron.^f
   16. The first vampire movie is supposedly Secrets of House No. 5 in
       1912. F.W. Murnau’s silent black-and-white Nosferatu came soon
       after, in 1922. However, it was Tod Browning’s Dracula—with the
       erotic, charming, cape- and tuxedo-clad aristocrat played by Bela
       Lugosi—that became the hallmark of vampire movies and literature.^f
   17. A vampire supposedly has control over the animal world and can turn
       into a bat, rat, owl, moth, fox, or wolf.^c
   18. In 2009, a sixteenth-century female skull with a rock wedged in its
       mouth was found near the remains of plague victims. It was not
       unusual during that century to shove a rock or brick in the mouth
       of a suspected vampire to prevent it from feeding on the bodies of
       other plague victims or attacking the living. Female vampires were
       also often blamed for spreading the bubonic plague throughout
       Europe.^d
   19. Joseph Sheridan Le Fany’s gothic 1872 novella about a female
       vampire, “Carmilla,” is considered the prototype for female and
       lesbian vampires and greatly influenced Bram Stoker’s own Dracula.
       In the story, Carmilla is eventually discovered as a vampire and,
       true to folklore remedies, she is staked in her blood-filled
       coffin, beheaded, and cremated.^f
   20. Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) remains an enduring influence on
       vampire mythology and has never gone out of print. Some scholars
       say it is clearly a Christian allegory; others suggest it contains
       covert psycho-sexual anxieties reflective of the Victorian era.^k
   21. According to several legends, if someone was bitten by a suspected
       vampire, he or she should drink the ashes of a burned vampire. To
       prevent an attack, a person should make bread with the blood of
       vampire and eat it.^f

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                  threshold
                  [home_blank.gif]
                  Without an invitation, vampires in most legends cannot cross a
                  threshold
                  [home_blank.gif]

   22. Thresholds have historically held significant symbolic value, and a
       vampire cannot cross a threshold unless invited. The connection
       between threshold and vampires seems to be a concept of complicity
       or allowance. Once a commitment is made to allow evil, evil can
       re-enter at any time.^b
   23. Before Christianity, methods of repelling vampires included garlic,
       hawthorn branches, rowan trees (later used to make crosses),
       scattering of seeds, fire, decapitation with a gravedigger’s spade,
       salt (associated with preservation and purity), iron, bells, a
       rooster’s crow, peppermint, running water, and burying a suspected
       vampire at a crossroads. It was also not unusual for a corpse to be
       buried face down so it would dig down the wrong way and become lost
       in the earth.^f
   24. After the advent of Christianity, methods of repelling vampires
       began to include holy water, crucifixes, and Eucharist wafers.
       These methods were usually not fatal to the vampire, and their
       effectiveness depended on the belief of the user.^f
   25. Garlic, a traditional vampire repellent, has been used as a form of
       protection for over 2,000 years. The ancient Egyptians believed
       garlic was a gift from God, Roman soldiers thought it gave them
       courage, sailors believed it protected them from shipwreck, and
       German miners believed it protected them from evil spirits when
       they went underground. In several cultures, brides carried garlic
       under their clothes for protection, and cloves of garlic were used
       to protect people from a wide range of illnesses. Modern-day
       scientists found that the oil in garlic, allicin, is a highly
       effective antibiotic.^k
   26. That sunlight can kill vampires seems to be a modern invention,
       perhaps started by the U.S. government to scare superstitious
       guerrillas in the Philippines in the 1950s. While sunlight can be
       used by vampires to kill other vampires, as in Ann Rice’s popular
       novel Interview with a Vampire, other vampires such as Lord Ruthven
       and Varney were able to walk in daylight.^f
   27. The legend that vampires must sleep in coffins probably arose from
       reports of gravediggers and morticians who described corpses
       suddenly sitting up in their graves or coffins. This eerie
       phenomenon could be caused by the decomposing process.^c
   28. According to some legends, a vampire may engage in [12]sex with his
       former wife, which often led to [13]pregnancy. In fact, this belief
       may have provided a convenient explanation as to why a widow, who
       was supposed to be celibate, became pregnant. The resulting child
       was called a gloglave (pl. glog) in Bulgarian or vampirdzii in
       Turkish. Rather than being ostracized, the child was considered a
       hero who had powers to slay a vampire.^f
   29. The Twilight book series (Twilight, New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking
       Dawn) by Stephanie Meyers has also become popular with movie-goers.
       Meyers admits that she did not research vampire mythology. Indeed,
       her vampires break tradition in several ways. For example, garlic,
       holy items, and sunlight do not harm them. Some critics praise the
       book for capturing teenage feelings of sexual tension and
       alienation.^i

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        vampire
        [home_blank.gif]
        Hollywood vampires often differ drastically from folklore vampires
        [home_blank.gif]

   30. [14]Hollywood and literary vampires typically deviate from folklore
       vampires. For example, Hollywood vampires are typically pale,
       aristocratic, very old, need their native soil, are supernaturally
       beautiful, and usually need to be bitten to become a vampire. In
       contrast, folklore vampires (before Bram Stoker) are usually
       peasants, recently dead, initially appear as shapeless “bags of
       blood,” do not need their native soil, and are often cremated with
       or without being staked.^f
   31. Folklore vampires can become vampires not only through a bite, but
       also if they were once a werewolf, practiced sorcery, were
       excommunicated, committed [15]suicide, were an illegitimate child
       of parents who were illegitimate, or were still born or died before
       baptism. In addition, anyone who has eaten the flesh of a sheep
       killed by a wolf, was a seventh son, was the child of a pregnant
       woman who was looked upon by a vampire, was a nun who stepped over
       an unburied body, had teeth when they were born, or had a cat jump
       on their corpse before being buried could also turn into
       vampires.^f
   32. In vampire folklore, a vampire initially emerges as a soft blurry
       shape with no bones. He was “bags of blood” with red, glowing eyes
       and, instead of a nose, had a sharp snout that he sucked blood
       with. If he could survive for 40 days, he would then develop bones
       and a body and become much more dangerous and difficult to kill.^f
   33. While blood drinking isn’t enough to define a vampire, it is an
       overwhelming feature. In some cultures, drinking the blood of a
       victim allowed the drinker to absorb their victim’s strength, take
       on an animal’s quality, or even make a woman more fecund. The color
       red is also involved in many vampire rituals.^k
   34. In some vampire folktales, vampires can marry and move to another
       city where they take up jobs suitable for vampires, such as
       butchers, barbers, and tailors. That they become butchers may be
       based on the analogy that butchers are a descendants of the
       “sacrificer.”^c
   35. Certain regions in the Balkans believed that fruit, such as
       pumpkins or watermelons, would become vampires if they were left
       out longer than 10 days or not consumed by Christmas. Vampire
       pumpkins or watermelons generally were not feared because they do
       not have teeth. A drop of blood on a fruit's skin is a sign that it
       is about to turn into a vampire.^e
   36. Mermaids can also be vampires—but instead of sucking blood, they
       suck out the breath of their victims.^e
   37. By the end of the twentieth century, over 300 motion pictures were
       made about vampires, and over 100 of them featured Dracula. Over
       1,000 vampire novels were published, most within the past 25
       years.^k
   38. The most popular vampire in children’s fiction in recent years had
       been Bunnicula, the cute little rabbit that lives a happy existence
       as a vegetarian vampire.^g
   39. Some historians argue that Prince Charles is a direct descendant of
       the Vlad the Impaler, the son of Vlad Dracula.^h
   40. The best known recent development of vampire mythology is Buffy the
       Vampire Slayer and its spin-off, Angel. Buffy is interesting
       because it contemporizes vampirism in the very real,
       twentieth-century world of a teenager vampire slayer played by
       Sarah Michelle Gellar and her “Scooby gang.” It is also notable
       because the show has led to the creation of “Buffy Studies” in
       academia.^k

                                                     -- Posted May 2, 2009

   References

   ^a Bartlett, Wayne and Flavia Idriceanu. 2006. Legends of Blood: The
   Vampire in History and Myth. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

   ^b Dundes, Alan. 1998. The Vampire: A Case Book. Madison, WI:
   University of Wisconsin Press.

   ^c Greer, John Michael. Monsters. 2001. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn
   Worldwide.

   ^d Gusman, Jessica. “[16]Medieval Vampire Skull Found Near Venice.”
   HuffingtonPost.com. March 11, 2009. Accessed: April 23, 2009.

   ^e Illes, Judith. 2009. Encyclopedia of Spirits: The Ultimate Guide to
   the Magic Fairies, Genies, Demons, Ghosts, Gods, and Goddesses. New
   York, NY: HarperOne.

   ^f Melton, J. Gordon. 1999. The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the
   Dead. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press.

   ^g -----.1998. The Vampire Gallery: Who’s Who of the Undead. Farmington
   Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press.

   ^h Russo, Arlene. 2008. Vampire Nation. Woodbury, MN: Llewellyn
   Worldwide.

   ^i TheTimes.com. “[17]New-Age Vampires Stake Their Claim.” January 12,
   2006. Accessed: April 23, 2009.

 
   vampire-ape-china-wiki

The Chinese Vampire Monkey, the Myth, the Monkey, the Legend

   Nature can be scary! But when it comes to the this strange vampire
   monkey, it’s hard to decide if it’s one of the cutest little pets in
   the world or something that spawns from children’s nightmares.

   Is the Chinese vampire monkey just some elaborate hoax or is it a real
   monkey species hidden within the jungles of China keeping it’s
   existence in secret?

   (scroll down for video)

Vampires in History

   Vampires have been a part of our culture since the beginning of time.
   Over the years movies, books, tv series have continue to amaze their
   audience as they portray this mythological creature in many different
   shapes & forms.

   While wooden stakes, eternal life, and the undead seem to be a common
   theme among these blood sucking beings other vampire knowledge isn’t
   always congruent. Depending on the interpretation, things like garlic,
   silver, sun light, seduction, mirror reflection and shape shifting are
   very different among it’s authors.

   But the question is, where did the story of the vampire originate? Many
   people argue that all legends stemmed from something that once existed.

   We believe in dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals as we have
   concrete evidence of the  fossils of these lesser intelligent
   creatures. But what if they didn’t want to be found? What if there was
   a particular creature that was intelligent enough to hide their
   existence in history.

Vampire Skeletons Unearthed in Bulgaria

   (scroll down for Vampire Monkey video)

   IFRAME:
   [28]//www.youtube.com/embed/q_ekgN9XYoM?list=PLu03VTrb5fmYRtsv8leFHpMmr
   DWiVScv1

   IFRAME: [29]http://www.youtube.com/subscribe_widget?p=epictooltime

What is Sanguivore?

   To put it is simple terms, a vampire. These animals are the real kind,
   are mortal, have a reflection, and are only sensitive to light. They
   can go out in the sun and eat garlic and any other normal things unlike
   the movies. They need blood, though.

   They don’t actually look like a vamp, that’s a vampire that looks like
   one, but need blood. There are some humans that believe they are
   vampires and they don’t actually need blood, they just have a “vampire
   fetish.”

 The Legend of the Chinese Vampire Monkey

   The scientific or Latin name for this monkey species is Demosndulus
   rotundidus which roughly translates to mischievous vampiric primate.
   These vampiric creatures are very rare and only exist in the wild in
   remote jungle areas around China.

   There are three known vampire monkey species that are said to exist in
   the world all of which are native to Asia with the majority of reports
   centered around Southern China.
     * Demosndulus rotundidus – The common vampire monkey
     * Dilphyllas equicaudata – The hairy-tailed Vampire
     * Demoniaemus youngidus – The long-tailed vampiric monkey

   While vampric creatures are not unique to nature, as a variety of of
   blood sucking type species are well known to man, the Chinese Vampire
   Monkey is an exceptional species as they are especially intelligent.
   They tend to avoid humans and crowded environments where they could
   possibly be exposed.

   They use simple tools and vocal communication with complex social
   structures like other monkeys. They are also carnivores standing at the
   top of the food chain in their environment because of their
   intelligence, agility and dexterity. All 3 of these species share very
   similar traits suggesting that they’ve only evolved once from a common
   ancestor.

Chinese Vampire Monkey Video

   IFRAME: [30]//www.youtube.com/embed/BJkUG6mbPF8

   IFRAME: [31]http://www.youtube.com/subscribe_widget?p=epictooltime

   Although many human reports of some variations of these vampire monkeys
   have been turning up over the years, there are no real pictures or true
   evidence that science can point to.

   These monkeys are rumors to favor human blood and any claims of people
   getting bitten by this species is always chalked up to being something
   else like an actual vampire bat or some vicious spider or insect
   species.

   They have tiny ears and a long tail. The faces of these vampiric
   animals resemble that of a vampire bat with a short conical muzzle
   without the nose leaf and naked pads with U-shaped grooves at the tip.
   The common vampire monkey also has unique infrared sensors on its nose
   which closely resembles the sensitivity of snakes.

   Vampire+bat-creature-animal-wiki

   The Chinese vampire monkey feeds mostly on the blood of mammals and
   birds. Their front teeth are razor sharp  and specialized for cutting
   like a piranha in the Amazon.

   Their digestive systems are also specialized for their mainly liquid
   diet. The saliva of vampire monkeys contains a substance, draculin,
   which prevents the victim’s blood from clotting. When it acts alone,
   this creature tends to lap blood rather than suck it as most people
   imagine.

   Nevertheless, as a group, they coordinate hunting efforts vocally and
   attack the prey systematically. The Wildlife Fact Files also tell of an
   account of a group of vampire monkeys attacking the largest rodent in
   the world, a Chinese capybara which weighed more than 160 pounds.

   They need blood at least once a week to survive. If they can’t get
   blood, they’ll approach another vampire monkey whilst roosting, asking
   for a blood ‘transfusion’. The blood is exchanged mouth-to-mouth in a
   motion that looks very much like kissing.

   All the vampire monkeys produce hard nests hanging from trees made of
   mud, twigs and their saliva unlike any other known monkey species.
   The vampire monkeys are also known for their building nests in large
   and complex colonies on trees. Vampire monkeys can live up to 22 years
   in the wild and up to 38 in captivity.

Top 5 Vampiric Creatures Discovered

   IFRAME:
   [32]//www.youtube.com/embed/jyX4jxvwe4Q?list=PLJ75q8EfBDFXRT9qecHyXGlS-
   PMZp84Kj

   IFRAME: [33]http://www.youtube.com/subscribe_widget?p=world5list

   These are 5 real vampires in nature that have been identified by
   science. While the Chinese vampire monkey’s existence may be that of a
   myth or urban legend left up to the eye’s and ears of the beholder,
   these 5 animals are real blood suckers that have been discovered in the
   wild.

   Is the vampire monkey just another species of vampiric animals or are
   they just another hoax? It is the belief of many, especially in China,
   that a creature of such intelligence would have no problem keeping
   itself hidden from humans who murder more animals and cause more death
   and destruction than any other species in history.

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   Published on May 30, 2014

   The Urban Legend of the Chinese Vampire Monkey documentary. A strange
   mythological creature indeed, the Chinese Vampire Monkey Fact or
   Fiction, here is the story so you can decide.
   Videos - Real Vampires Found in Nature
   Vampiric Sea Lamprey [16]http://youtu.be/ex9XZpGQS4Y
   Top 5 Vampiric Animals [17]http://youtu.be/jyX4jxvwe4Q
   Vampire Skeletons Found [18]http://youtu.be/q_ekgN9XYoM
   The Myth of the Chinese Vampire Monkey dates back to the early 13th
   century when a small group of Samurai warriors from the Yuan Dynasty
   failed returned from a scouting mission in North Eastern China.
   Within the following weeks, an army of over 1,000 samurai sent to
   uncover the mystery of their vanished comerades were led to a dense
   jungle rumored to be haunted.
   Armed to the teeth, the army followed the still fresh tracks deep into
   the jungle where they eventually arrived to find a terrifying scene,
   they're fallen soldiers all laid dead on the ground, pale in color,
   eyes still wide open in shock.
   Further examination revealed that someone or something had drained all
   of the blood from their bodies with tiny bite marks covering their
   flesh. Scared for their own safety, the soldiers were ordered to burn
   down the entire jungle.
   Like most mythical creatures, real concrete photos simply do not exist.
   All of the photos of the Vampire Monkey are obviously photoshopped and
   not to be taken seriously,
   This one however is pretty interesting, it's a pygmy marmoset, which is
   real and the world's smallest monkey native to South America. As you
   can see here it was created by Takeshi Yamada, who is a
   Japanese-American artist and rogue taxidermist. Rogue taxidermy is the
   creation of stuffed animals which represent things like crazy hybrids,
   extinct species, mermaids, and mythical creatures, some straight from
   the creators imaginations.
   Aside from mythical creatures, there are real vampiric animals that
   currently exist in nature, feeding off the blood of others.
   The fact is, much like Bigfoot, the Unicorn, and the Chupacabra a real
   live vampire monkey specimen has yet to be caught.
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  71. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yip7seunClQ
  72. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTYKwOQIPMQ
  73. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DQjFLodQRw
  74. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56LEDL_6eWA
  75. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7VXl85VO7Y
  76. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEwuk5N2R6c
  77. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElJsEOLVAZs
  78. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vt63ewZA6Q
  79. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIenjgBqPiQ
  80. https://www.youtube.com/

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What is The True Story Behind Vampires?

   Vampire. The word conjures up images of suave, handsome, or strikingly
   beautiful creatures, such as is depicted in Anne Rice's Vampire
   Chronicles. Those of you who are fans of her books are quite familiar
   with the arrogant and sexy Lestat.

   One of the most famous vampires of all time is, of course, Count
   Dracula. The brain child of Bram Stoker who based his immortal monster
   on the blood thirsty ruler know as Vlad Tepes, also know as Vlad
   Dracul-a, which when translated means "son of the dragon", a nicknamed
   that was well earned, for the count was a blood thirsty and ruthless
   ruler.

   He was also known as Vlad the Impaler due to his habit of impaling
   people on very sharp stakes and letting them suffer until they died a
   horrible and extremely painful death. The legends of vampires were
   around long before Stoker wrote his book.

   From very early times there have been reports and tales of vampires, or
   vampyr, which means, when roughly translated, "blood drinker". In
   nature there are all kinds of vampires. Mosquitoes, tick, fleas,
   bedbugs, and a species of bat that drinks blood, named most aptly the
   vampire bat.

   But, what about the vampires of legend? Do they exist? There are some
   well documented accounts that indicate they do.

   There was the case of Arnold Paole. It was reported that Arnold was
   bitten by a vampire while he was serving as a soldier in his country's
   army. When he returned home from service he became a farmer. One day
   while cutting hay Paole had an accident which killed him. A few days
   later, people started dying from loss of blood. The people started
   saying there was a vampire in their midst.

   There were several eye-witness reports that said they had seen Arnold
   walking around after his death. His eye were glassy and his teeth had
   grown long and sharp. The locals went to dig up Paole's body, and when
   the had unearthed the corpse, there was no decay and there was fresh
   blood on the lips and a bloom of color in the cheeks. Arnold looked as
   fresh as the day he had died. The locals pounded a stake through the
   vampire's heart and heard the vampire screech in agony. Then they cut
   off the head and burned the body. The deaths stopped.

Vampires and Qur�nic Revelation

   In our Qur�nic Revelation, we must believe in the world of genies.
   They exist like we do. They do eat, drink, sleep, play, work, sing,
   pray, kill, bear children, believe in God or gods, reject God, lie, get
   sick, die, quarrel, hate, love and so on. Their homes are on different
   planes of existence in the same world as we now live in.

   There are numerous genies who may be now living amongst us as human
   beings in their favourite lands particularly around Middle-East and
   some old Western European countries and in the United States as well.
   These groups of genies are not usually trouble makers and appear to be
   peaceful ones. Some people might have mistaken them as vampires or
   werewolves with speed movements and powerful strengths.

   The evil ones like to imitate them to frighten people but God would
   stop them from spreading fear towards mankind. There are many good and
   bad ones.

   They do have great grandparents, grandparents, parents, children,
   grandchildren, great grandchildren and so on. It is not a surprise
   genies might have taken the shapes of vampires or whatever. The speed
   of their movements cannot be taken by even the most sophisticated
   cameras ever invented.

   As we are created from mud, they are created from the smokeless fire as
   mentioned in Chapter 55 Verse 15 of our Quranic Revelation. According
   to our prophet (SAW), the populations of genies are much more than the
   whole populations of human beings combined altogether from the time
   Adam and Eve ever existed until we all are born today.

   Do you realize that the people of the sky do exist as well? Some called
   them aliens from outer space. We Muslims must believe in the existence
   of "people in other universes' because God is still creating countless
   of things every second of our lives (if there is an existence of time
   to be compared with).

   Vampires and Quranic Revelation sent in by Muhammad

More on Vampires:

   [35]The Vampire Compendium
   This is THE Vampire Compendium written by "Bracket". A huge resource of
   information about the Vampire.

   [36]Vampires in Chinese Mythology
   The Chinese vampire differs greatly from its western cousins. In
   Chinese mythology, all empires originated from one of the 12 gods,
   which came from 12 drops of blood from PANGU, the great god who created
   sky and earth. Chinese vampire, according their different growing
   stage, can be divided into six levels.

   [37]The Dangers of Romanticizing Vampires
   The popularity and romanticizing of recent books and movies has brought
   one subculture in particular back to the forefront: the attraction to
   vampires.

   [38]Do Vampires Exist?
   A seemingly innocent question that once confounded an array of people,
   resulting in much controversy and dispute, yet now in contemporary
   times, this question is considered by the vast majority to be ludicrous
   and nonsensical; no more then mere ineffable trash, with evidence being
   non-existent, however this has never been the case.
   Evidence supporting the existence of vampires has always existed in our
   society, since the spawning of these creatures. They have simply been
   well-hidden from the public as have many things (aliens/UFOs and
   werewolves)
   One obvious piece of evidence would be the fact that there are
   descriptions of vampires from an array of existing and pre-existing
   cultures across the world. Drawings and written descriptions of
   human-like creatures that would draw blood from their victims, with
   uncanny strength, speed, elongated fangs, varying skin pigmentation,
   aversion to sunlight and allergic to garlic. The underlying,
   rudimentary characteristics as described above all correlate and remain
   consistent amongst different cultures. There are descriptions of
   vampires extending across the globe from places such as Africa to India
   to China.
   Read the entire article and nearly 1,200 comments

   [39]The Vampire in Science
   Vampirism isn't just connected to myth and legend. In science, the
   habit of drinking blood is called Hematophagy, and since blood is full
   of proteins and lipids (fats, etc) it can be a very nutritious meal.

   [40]The First Vampire
   Lilith and The legend of the first Vampires.

   [41]A Theory On Vampire Formation
   Generally, when we think of vampires we are clouded with various
   misconceptions brought on by numerous literary allusions to vampires
   and cultural affiliations with the term vampires and this can often
   detract from the credibility of vampires existing.

   [42]Vampire Stories and Articles
   A listing of all vampire related stories and articles.

   Lilith and the Vampire Connection
   Her name was Lilith... and the myths and legends surrounding her date
   back farther than the original texts of the Bible. When Cain was cast
   out by God, it is thought that he encountered Lilith among the
   wastelands where she had made her home. In their coupling, she taught
   him the power of consuming blood. This myth certainly indicates that
   Lilith and Cain had traits of what are thought to be vampires....
   [43]Who Was Lilith?

   Here is another good article about Vampires. Read about the [44]Vampire
   Tour of San Francisco

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            [50]Vampire Halloween Costumes ~ [51]Vampire Costumes

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Taoism VS Chinese Vampire (Jiangshi) VS Western Vampire

   [93]Mak Jo Si August 26, 2013 [94]Taoism VS

   [95]TYLtheory Vampire is a very common topic when it comes to Taoist
   magic, because of those vampire movies in the 90s are boiling the hype
   for most people in Asia about this “hopping vampire”, Jiangshi.  At the
   same time, those western vampires like Dracula are way more “human
   like” and often like some superhuman who do not die, unless you used
   some special tool to kill them.   Even in the 2013 today, there are
   still tons of vampire movies going on in the west, but they seems to
   evaporate from the east already.  The question is, if this is such a
   common topic, is there a chance of all these being “real”? Here I will
   present you [96]Pure Taoism, Tin Yat Lineage Taoism theories and
   knowledge on vampires and vampirism!

Taoism VS Vampire: Real or Not

   Vampire in the movies are mostly fake, but there are actually some
   theories that we can explain what happened to those who became a
   vampire. Just for fun, let me explain this to you – in case it could
   happen!

   Taoism VS Chinese Vampire

   Chinese Vampire (Jiangshi) is famous for being “stiff” and there goes
   the Jiang 殭 which means “stiff and dead”. The word Shi 屍 is a dead
   corpse…

     A jiangshi (chiang-shih in Wade–Giles), also known as a Chinese
     “hopping” vampire or zombie, is a type of reanimated corpse in
     Chinese legends and folklore. “Jiangshi” is read goeng-si in
     Cantonese, cương thi in Vietnamese, gangshi in Korean and kyonshī in
     Japanese. It is typically depicted as a stiff corpse dressed in
     official garments from the Qing Dynasty, and it moves around by
     hopping, with its arms outstretched. It kills living creatures to
     absorb their qi, or “life force”, usually at night, while in the
     day, it rests in a coffin or hides in dark places such as caves.
     ([97]wiki)

   In our professional perspective, and also the historical evidence,
   Jiangshi or Chinese vampire does exist, but it is not like what the
   movie and novel presented.

   Historical Facts on Jiangshi

   The history of Jiangshi started from drug trafficking in China during
   the late Qing Dynasty. A bunch of drug-lords came up with the idea of
   using a corpse as disguised to transport the drug from one province to
   another. The method is to empty the organs of a corpse, fill it up with
   drugs (cocaine, etc,) in bags, and then stitch it up. The corpse will
   be dressed in some fancy Qing dynasty garment just like a dead corpse.
   After that, they will make a metal bar which goes through the arm-pits,
   through the sleeves and out the back and front of the corpse. This pair
   of metal bars are then to be places over shoulders of 2 people who are
   standing at the front and back of the corpse when walking. Therefore,
   the corpse will look like it is “hopping” in the air when the 2 people
   walks, because it is hanging the corpse in the air!

   The drug lords then brew up a hoax and rumor around, saying that some
   Mao Shan masters can animate the dead like this and help them to “hop”
   back to their hometown at night.  When the rumor spreads, people are
   all scared of these things and they not dare to challenge the dead… so
   people all close their doors and pretend to not see them when the
   hoppers pass by – which includes the guards and officers who guard the
   gateway to the other provide!

   After a period of time, finally a brave officer busted the whole thing
   and found out the drug trafficking trick. Therefore, this “hopping
   vampire crew” never appear anymore!

   Taoism Perspective on Jiangshi

   Is it possible for a spirit to possess a dead corpse and re-animate it
   like it is alive or like it is in the movie? The answer is, no it
   cannot.

   In our article of “[98]Reincarnation“, “[99]Ghost” and “[100]Ghost
   Possession“, you will learn that in order for the 3 souls control the
   physical body, the corpse must also be alive and with living organs,
   muscles, tendons, which have “jing”, “Qi” and “Shen” in order to work.
   Read “[101]Jing, Qi, Shen“.

   The souls are Pre-Heaven subjects, which does not interacts with our
   world directly. In order for the souls to animate something, it must
   possess a living Post-Heaven subject, in order for it to animate or
   take control over and do physical movements.

   Yet, a spirit can possess a cat, a frog, or even an ant, but just not a
   stone, a book or a dead corpse. It “can” possess it, but it will not
   make it move or hop around, nor even bite people at all.  Read our
   article one “[102]Aliens” and you shall learn more about our Pre-Heaven
   and Post-Heaven theories!

   Exceptional?

   There are exceptional cases, where some other form of spirits will
   possess some non-living subject, and animated or moved it (but never
   hop around like that!). I had personally encountered a client who
   witnessed some statues moved by itself at night (captured by camera)
   and they will stop at the table’s edge when they are about to fall.
   This, as diagnosed, is due to curses, and the curses plus possession on
   the objects that made it moved because of energy field interaction.
   It’s more like a magnetic force, and not the entity moving. Therefore,
   movements will only limit to very small and subtle movements, such as
   turning in circles, or dragging and sliding about 5cm-10cm, etc. No way
   it can hop around.

   Taoism VS Western Vampire

   The western vampires are immortal-like and they are really like the
   undead, which they just need to survive by drinking blood.  This is
   actually never going to happen in real life, as there are no physical
   body that can survive longer than it is supposed to be. Just like our
   theory stated, the physical body is Post-Heaven, and it does have a
   limitation to what it can do, or how long it can live.  The theory of
   the western vampire does not follow the law of nature, and so we do not
   find it make sense at all. Even saying that it is a living being in
   another realm (Pre-Heaven), then it should not be able to come in
   contact with living human beings then. So, in our perspective, this
   cannot happen in real life.

   Beside the western vampire in the movies, I do find the western vampire
   theory scary when it comes to reality’s version – vampirism.

Taoism VS Vampirism in Reality

   Vamprism, is often practiced in occults or crooked groups with weird
   people who actually really want to live like vampires. They do not
   really bite people or kill people, but they consume real blood ordered
   from some source, and drink them like water. Beside that, they go into
   sexual practice, and also often related to occults, and sorcery. I had
   seen groups online that practice these things and they are VERY freaky
   weirdos that you do not want to go near them for whatever reasons.

   Beside taking “blood” as a form of food or energy drink, most cults
   also promotes vampirism in another form, which is to consume “energy”
   from people but sucking up people’s energy or “Chi” to fuel themselves.
   I had witnessed this from a Wicca practitioner and a Reiki Master
   (level 3) before, who both love to suck up energies from the
   surroundings when they feel they are in need for a “recharge”. The
   surround does include human beings, and you can see the victims dozed
   off or felt drained right after they got drained.

   Please read:
   [103]http://www.czarymary.pl/czarnamagia/rituals_vampiric_magick.html

   Taoism and Taoist magic can deal with the second kind but not the first
   kind of vampire. The first type is more of a mental illness and
   psychological disorder which is a Pre-Heaven sickness. There are
   exception though, which is when a person is semi-possessed by “Yiu 妖”
   or “Gwaai 怪” or “Jing 精” spirits, they will turn weird like vampirism.
   To learn more about these spirits, please read “[104]Taoism
   Encyclopedia (version1.6)“! If that’s the case, then yes, we can deal
   with it too!
   The following two tabs change content below.
     * [105]Bio
     * [106]Latest Posts


Chiang-shih (or kiang shi)

   By [34]admin

   The chiang-shih is the Chinese version of the vampire. In Chinese
   belief, each person has two souls, a superior or rational soul and an
   inferior irrational soul. The superior soul could leave a sleeping body
   and appear as the body’s double as it roamed about. It could also
   possess and speak through the body of another. However, if something
   would happen to the disembodied soul during its journey, its body would
   suffer.

   The inferior soul, on the other hand, was called p’ai or p’o and was
   that which inhabited the body of a fetus during pregnancy and often
   lingered in the bodies of the dead. It was thought to preserve the
   corpse. If the p’ai was strong enough, it could preserve and inhabit a
   corpse for a length of time, using the body to serve its needs. The
   body animated by the p’ai was called a chiang-shih.

   Usually chiang-shih were created after a particularly violent death,
   such as a suicide, hanging, drowning, or smothering. It could also be a
   result of an improper burial, as it was thought that the dead would
   become restless if their burial was postponed after their death. The
   chiang-shih were not known to rise from the grave, so their
   transformation had to take place prior to burial.

Characteristics of Chiang-shihs

   Chiang-shihs were nocturnal creatures and had difficulties crossing
   running water. It was said that they were particularly vicious and
   ripped the head or limbs off their victims. They were also said to have
   a strong sexual drive which led them to attack and rape women. After a
   period of growing stronger, chiang-shihs would gain the ability to fly,
   grow long white hair, and possibly change into wolves.

Protecting Oneself from Chiang-shihs

   People protected themselves from chiang-shih by using garlic or salt.
   They were also driven away with loud noises, and it was thought that
   thunder could kill them. Brooms were used to sweep the creature back to
   its resting spot, while iron filings, rice, and red peas were used as
   barriers. If a chiang-shih reached its flying, white-haired stage, it
   could only be killed by a bullet or thunder. Its body must then be
   cremated.

Reader Comments

   Thanks to Alan for this comment. If anyone has text references to these
   legends, please let me know.

     1) Virgin Urine. It has been said that the urine from chaste virgins
     (usually boys) can repel and even “corrosively burn”chinese
     vampires. Much like holy water. Rationale is that virgin boys
     (usually boys not yet of puberty age) are chaste, therefore bearing
     “pure Yang energy” (Males are associated with Yang whilst females
     with Ying), hence have offensive effects on these vampires.

     2) Regarding Chinese Vampires. Popularized beliefs include their
     form of movement, which is hopping while arms are stretched forward
     straight, due to rigidity of the dead body. Some people believe
     their vampiric abilities includes the ablilty to siphon Ying energy
     which it feeds on since it is a creature of Ying nature (hence its
     liking for dark environment). Note that the “hopping” habit is also
     popularized via old Hong Kong horror movies.

     3) Talisman. According to folklore chinese vampires can only be
     effectively dealt with by a Taoist Priest. Usually villages that are
     ‘infested’ with vampire occurrences recruit a Taoist priest to
     perform a ‘ceremony’ to exorcise the negative energy. Taoist Priests
     traditionally rely on talismans-yellow paper strips with illegible
     characters written in red ink or blood. It is commonly believed that
     with incantations the priest can ‘activate’ the talisman, which can
     totally inhibit a vampire’s actions when applied to it’s forehead
     area, thus putting the vampire under a spell. The priest will then,
     after subduing the vampire(s), use a special bell, which with every
     ring, will command the vampires to take a single jump. Should the
     vampire be too strong to subdue, the priest usually draws upon a
     wooden sword, or a sword made entirely of copper coins linked by a
     red string as a weapon. Although Taoist priests nowadays do not go
     ‘capturing’ vampires, they still perform ceremonies of exorcism from
     “unclean spirits” and still commonly use talismans.

Reference

     * Article: [35]Vampires: A Brief History
     * Article: [36]The Real Vampyre Phenomenon
     * Buy From Amazon.com: [37]Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the
       Undead

Related Articles on DeliriumsRealm:

    1. [38]Vampires: A Brief History
    2. [39]Vampires (Czech)
    3. [40]Vampires: The Real Vampyre Phenomenon
    4. [41]Vampires (Bulgarian)
    5. [42]Vampires (German)

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17 Historical & Mythical ‘Facts’ About Vampires

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   phactvamp1

   Oh sure, you’ve watched plenty of vampire movies and think you know all
   there is about these bloodsucking creatures. Nope. You’ll feel pretty
   silly if you run into a real vampire one day and haven’t read up on how
   to defend yourself. Come with me into this list if you want to live.

   (1) The word “vampire” springs from many possible origins and scholars
   heartily enjoy debating the subject. The word may have come from the
   Hungarian “vampir” or the Turkish “upier,” which means witch. There’s
   also a possible Greek origin from the word “to drink” or “plague
   carrier” and the Serbo-Croatian “pirati.” Regardless of the origin,
   these words all refer to immortal, blood-sucking humans.

   (2) Do you think vampires don’t exist? They probably don’t, but a group
   of diseases known as “Porphyrias” can give someone vampire-like
   symptoms. This condition is caused by bacteria and must be treated fast
   (within 72 hours) by antibiotics before it becomes incurable. This
   “vampire disease” changes the person’s blood and skin chemistry. They
   develop photosensitivity, muscle weakness, seizures, and a slow
   heartbeat. Unfortunately, they don’t gain all the cool parts of being a
   vampire, like immortality, speed, or the desire to wear velvet at all
   times.

                                 phactvamp4

   (3) Vampire lore dates back way back to 4000 BC with ancient Sumerian
   and Babylonian myths. According to these myths, a vengeful spirit or
   demon called an “ekimmu” would return after improper burial to feed
   upon the living.

   (4) Ancient Egyptians believed in vampires. The Egyptian Book of the
   Dead believed that the “ka” (part of the soul) must receive proper
   offerings, or it would leave its tomb to ravage the living. Egyptians
   also believed in the warrior goddess Sekhmet, who slaughtered hordes of
   men and fed upon their blood. Indian lore believes in a similar
   goddess, Kaliof.

   (5) Ancient Chinese myths believed in a vampire-like species called
   “ch’iang shigh” (or corpse-hopper”) with red eyes and ginormous claws.
   These creatures were fueled by an overwhelming sexual drive and, as
   such, primarily attacked women. In later stages, the ch’iang shih were
   believed to fly and transform into wolves.

   (6) Throughout Europe, archeologists have discovered giant stone
   monuments called “dolmens,” which were placed over graves to prevent
   suspected vampires from rising from the dead. They also found that mass
   hysteria throughout the continent led to corpse mutilation and public
   executions of all those suspected of vampirism.

   (7) One of the most enduring tales of a “true vampire” is the legend of
   Countess Elizabeth Bathory, who lived from 1560-1614. She tortured
   young virgins and bit their flesh before bathing in their blood to make
   herself more beautiful and eternally youthful. Her list of victims
   reportedly topped 650. Bathory died four years after being placed into
   solitary confinement for her crimes.

   (8) Much modern vampire folklore is based upon Vlad the Impaler (or
   Vlad of Walachia), who lived in Romania from 1431-1476. His heinous
   acts including skinning people alive and drinking their blood. Vlad was
   known for enjoying his meals while surrounded by Ottoman Turks (impaled
   from the rear to mouth) throughout the room. At one point, 20,000 dead
   bodies decorated the outside of his castle as a message to all his
   enemies.

   (9) Some historians believe England’s Prince Charles is a descendant of
   Vlad the Bad. Charles has made light of this revelation by once joking
   that he has “A bit of a stake in [Romania].” Nice.

   (10) Vlad’s legacy really messed with Romanians’ minds. People believed
   that a child could be made a vampire if a spell was cast during
   pregnancy or childbirth. Other possible “causes” included a cat or dog
   walking over a grave, being buried wrong, being a seventh son, being
   born illegitimate or as a byproduct of one parent having sex with a
   vampire, or committing suicide. Oh, and never eat sheep meat or lamb
   meat killed by a wolf. That’s a surefire way to vamp out.

   (11) The myth that vampires sleep in coffins started when gravediggers
   and morticians observed corpses that suddenly sat up. This phenomenon,
   while disturbing, can be explained by the decomposition process.

   (12) If a vampire should approach and bite you, there are options to
   avoid vamping out. You could try eating garlic (widely believed to
   protect from evil spirits as a gift from God), wearing hawthorn
   branches as a head wreath, donning iron jewelry, or spreading salt all
   over your house. OR you could go really hardcore and eat the ashes of a
   burned vampire (good luck with that one).

   (13) To prevent a vampire entering your home, avoid being dumb enough
   to invite one over your threshold. Holy water, crucifixes, Eucharist
   wafers, bells, peppermint, running water, fire and scattered seeds are
   also ways to ward off the undead. There’s also the theory that burying
   a corpse face down will keep them from rising up (or maybe they’ll
   simply dig their way to China).

   (14) The creators of Count von Count from Sesame Street played upon the
   vampire myth of seed counting. Vampires are allegedly compelled to
   count seeds, which will keep them occupied until the sun rises. Worth a
   try in a pinch.

   (15) The legend that vampires don’t have a reflection started with the
   theory that they lose their souls after coming back to earth. People
   thought that mirrors reflect both body and soul, and if you don’t have
   a soul, the mirror won’t bother to acknowledge your existence. To
   further complicate matters for the undead, mirrors used to contain
   silver, which wards off vampires.

   (16) A group of vampires can be referred to as many things, including
   “Run Fast!” In medieval times, vampires were referred to as belonging
   to packs, clans, or covens. Members of the modern day Sanguinarian
   (blood drinking) movement refer to themselves as Vampirists. In role
   playing games like Vampire: The Masquerade, the undead are organized
   into clans or bloodlines.

   dracula-1

   (17) Film and literature continue to keep the vampire dream alive. Bram
   Stoker’s Dracula was written in 1897 and remains a key influence. One
   of the first vampire movies is 1912’s Secrets of the House (1912).
   Nosferatu followed in 1922, but Dracula starring Bela Lugosi in 1931
   really set the ball rolling. Lugosi’s dashing and ravishing
   aristocratic take on the bloodsucker became an inspiration for most
   vampire movies and books that followed. As of the year 2000, over 300
   movies and 1000 books about vampires existed.
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References


10 Interesting Vampire Facts

   Monday, August 5th 2013. | [18]History

   [19]Vampire facts are interesting to learn. This is one of the
   important parts in European cultures. Many films have been made related
   to the life of vampire. Even though the truth of vampire is still
   questionable, we can learn more about what people believe about vampire
   through the spreading movies around the world. Here is some beneficial
   information about vampire:

Vampire Facts 1: Word of Vampire

   Many people have their own options when it comes about the origin of
   vampire word. Some people say that it is derived from the Turkish word
   of upyr, upper or upior. It means witch. Others state that it comes
   from the Hungarian word of vampire.  Some people call it from Greek
   which means to drink.

Vampire Facts 2: Group of Vampires

   The group of vampires is called in various words such as a clan, brood,
   coven, clutch, or a pack.
   [20]Vampire Facts

   Vampire Facts

Vampire Facts 3: Count Dracula

   One of the most well-known names of vampires is Count Dracula. It has
   been quoted in many kinds of books and movies. See [21]vampire bat
   facts to know the blood sucker animal.

Vampire Facts 4: Stone Tables

   People have different belief about vampires. To keep them from rising
   and suck the blood of human, people use Celtic for stone table. It will
   be installed on the graves with dolmens.
   [22]Vampire Sucks Blood

   Vampire Sucks Blood

Vampire Facts 5: Porphyria

   There is a disease called as porphyria. Many people call is as a
   disease of Dracula or vampire.  The symptoms are just like a Dracula.
   The patients will face hairiness and sensitivity to sunlight. In some
   cases the patients can get mad and have reddish brown teeth.

Vampire Facts 6: Elizabeth Bathory

   Elizabeth Bathory is called as a true vampire. The blood of young
   virgins is estimated to bath her. She did it because she wanted to
   preserve the beauty by sucking the blood of young virgins.
   [23]Vampire

   Vampire

Vampire Facts 7: Vlad of Walachia

   Vlad of Walachia is another important figure of vampire. He lived
   between 1431 and 1476. He had a bad habit killing the people by
   skinning them alive and eating the victim.

Vampire Facts 8: Chinese vampires

   Vampire myth is not only seen in Europe but also in Asia, such as
   China. A Chinese vampire is called as corpse hopper or ch’iang shih. It
   was characterized with high sexual drive with crooked claws and red
   eyes.
   [24]Vampire's Teeth

   Vampire’s Teeth

Vampire Facts 9: Control of the Animal World

   It is stated that a vampire had a big control in the animal kingdom.
   The mythology stated that it can turn its form into an owl, bat, moth,
   rat, wolf and a fox.

Vampire Facts 10: Bram Stoker’s Dracula

   The most notorious book about vampires is Bram Stoker’s Dracula. It was
   written in 1897. Many experts stated that the book had been influenced
   much by Victorian era. Look at [25]bat facts to know the animal linked
   with vampire.
   [26]Woman Vampire

   Woman Vampire

   In this present day, there are myriads of vampire movies made around
   the world. The famous one today is Twilight.  It was adapted from a
   novel written by Stephanie Meyers. Do you have any more information on
   [27]facts about Dracula?

   tags: [28]Vampire, [29]Vampire Facts

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   #[1]Vampire Facts: Comments

 
Vampire Facts

   Updated on May 7, 2015
   See all 7 photos

   Vampires have been a favorite amongst monster lovers as long as stories
   have been told. Their popularity has continued to reign and has
   exploded with new "rules" regarding the vampire expanding and evolving
   all the time. A simple set of guidelines was set in place when Bram
   Stoker wrote Dracula back in 1897 but there were more questions than
   answers for adoring fans.

   New ideas have been explored involving almost every aspect of vampires
   ever since. Everything from examining what would be possible with a
   vampire/human hybrid in the Blade comic book series to an alternate
   universe where vampires were the dominant species on earth, hunting the
   remaining humans to extinction in the action-thriller Daybreakers.

   We are going to have a look at five of the strangest, little known and
   down right crazy vampire facts that we could dig up. Enjoy!!!
   Count VonCount in all his glory Count VonCount in all his glory
   See all 7 photos
   Count VonCount in all his glory
   Source: Sesame Street

5. Compelled to Count

   The puppet "Count Von Count" from sesame street is based on actual
   vampire legend. One, one great character AH, AH, AHHH!!

   It was said that to protect yourself from vampire attacks one was to
   scatter mustard seeds, poppy seeds or a bag of rice, according to
   Chinese vampire lore, at your door. Fishnets were said to be best to
   cover windows..... A vampire who had wished to gain entry to your home
   would be compelled to count each seed or knot in the net. Hopefully
   delaying them long enough for the sun to rise leaving just a charred
   mess at your door or window in the morning.

   Similar superstitions were used to keep a vampire from rising up from
   it's grave. If something was left for the vampires to count they may be
   stuck for centuries. The most popular was a fishing net. It was thought
   that the vampire could only untie one knot a year and would keep it in
   the grave indefinitely.

   Seems people used to believe local vampires had some sort of obsessive
   compulsive disorder.

   Image - Count Von Count from Sesame Street

4. The Name "Vampire"

   Vampire in a coffin Vampire in a coffin
   See all 7 photos
   Vampire in a coffin

   It is currently believed (and has been hotly debated for some time)
   that the name "vampire' is derived from a Slavic verb meaning "to
   drink". The Slavic language originated in and around Serbia.

   The word vampire was known in England in the seventeenth century, 1734
   to be exact according to the [11]Oxford English Dictionary. It
   gradually made it's way to most other European languages by the mid
   eighteenth century. Bram Stoker is thought to have made it a household
   name when he wrote Dracula, introducing many to the concept of the
   vampire.

   It is believed that the word was gradually passed from language to
   language when the French derived 'vampyre' from the German 'vampir'
   which closely resembles the Slavic verb meaning "to drink".

   No matter where it came from, by the time Bram Stoker's Dracula reached
   the publics hands it became a horror fans new favorite word. And shows
   no signs of stopping.

   Image - Vampire in a coffin

   [12]Top of Page ↑

More About Vampires

   Vampires and mirrors don't mix Vampires and mirrors don't mix
   See all 7 photos
   Vampires and mirrors don't mix
   Source: [13]https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Make-up_mi...

3. Casting No Reflection?

   The fact that vampires cast no reflection in mirrors is widely known by
   vampire lovers, but where did this vampire lore originate?

   It is believed that a mirror casts a reflection of the soul. A vampire,
   being an undead creature of the night, has no soul. Hence it casts no
   reflection.

   Another belief was based on early mirrors which were backed with silver
   to give them their reflective quality. Silver is said to have
   supernatural powers against vampires (and werewolves) and that was the
   reason that no reflection could be cast by any creature of the night.

   Another interesting and somewhat related fact about mirrors is that
   many cultures believed if someone died in a house all mirrors in that
   home should be covered to prevent that soul of the recently departed
   from becoming trapped in the mirror and end up unable to travel to the
   after life. Not many cultures still practice this belief.

   Image - Old mirror
   Blood Blood
   See all 7 photos
   Blood

2. Why Blood?

   The main form of sustenance for a vampire. But was it merely to shock
   listeners by early story tellers in ancient times or was there some
   other meaning behind the drinking of blood?

   Blood is considered scared by many religions and cultures. It is has
   been symbol of vitality and fertility throughout history. Our ancient
   ancestors sacrificed thousand of people a year to various gods giving
   an excellent example of how strongly they believed in blood's value.

   Before vampires existed our ancient ancestors attributed blood drinking
   to the work of demons, devils or spirits. Many ancient cultures also
   had a god or deity who consumed blood. This is probably why it became a
   powerful tool in the very first vampire stories, what better way to
   display the power of evil than to have it drain the very thing that
   allows us to live.

   Blood drinking has evolved in many ways in the vampire story throughout
   time but it remains the defining quality of a vampire and probably
   always will.

   Image - Blood splatter
   Nosferatu Nosferatu
   See all 7 photos
   Nosferatu

1. Becoming One of the Undead

   Besides from the traditional method of being bitten and ultimately
   becoming one of the undead yourself there are numerous other way of
   joining the vampire ranks. Some of them are quite fantastic and some
   are just plain weird.

   A list of a few of the ways seen through out history include :
     * Committing sucicide
     * Eating the meat of a lamb killed by a wolf
     * Practicing witchcraft or satanism
     * If an animal such as a cat or dog passed over the corpse of the
       recently deceased
     * A corpse which is improperly buried may come back as a vampire
     * Having a spell cast on you at birth
     * Dying before baptism

   Image - Nosferatu [14]Purchase print

Monster Poll

Would Vampires be your favorite monster or would it be some other?

     * (*) Vampires
     * ( ) Werewolves
     * ( ) Mummies
     * ( ) Aliens
     * ( ) Creatures from lagoons

   [BUTTON Input] (not implemented)____
   [15]See results without voting

   Visit my [16]:: HubPages profile :: for more interesting and freaky
   facts about all things creepy.
   Fan of the Fang! Fan of the Fang!
   See all 7 photos
   Fan of the Fang!
   Source: [17]Fan of the Fang T-shirt

Vampire References

   Sites used as reference while compiling the information for this
   article.
     * [18]Vampire Web Site
       A site which helps separate vampire myth from reality.
     * [19]Vampires
       Everything you could every want to know about vampires.
     * [20]The Facts About Vampires
       Great site with all kinds of information regarding vampires.
     * [21]Drink Deeply and Dream
       One of the coolest real vampire sites ever. Full of of vamp info.
     * [22]Monstrous Vampires
       Vampires section on monstrous.com, excellent links to more vampire
       information here.

   [23]Top of Page ↑

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   [INS: :INS]

[28]Follow (0)Comments 9 comments

   [29]Go to last comment
   WindyWintersHubs profile image WindyWintersHubs profile image

   WindyWintersHubs 5 years ago from Vancouver Island, BC

   Interesting list of facts and cool graphics. I can't say I believe in
   vampires except on Halloween. Best Wishes with your designs! ~Squid
   Greeter
     __________________________________________________________________

   SacredCynWear profile image SacredCynWear profile image

   SacredCynWear 5 years ago

   Awesome lens. I have that Vampire book as well, and I strongly
   recommend it. According to vampire lore, you are destined to be a
   vampire if you were born on a religious holiday, and if you were born
   with some dis figuration. I am a Christmas baby, who was born without
   tonsils.....so beware! Great lens! Will lens roll it on my Dracula and
   Mina Lens!
     __________________________________________________________________

   LisaDH profile image LisaDH profile image

   LisaDH 5 years ago

   Wow, I learned a lot of new things here and was particularly amazed to
   learn Count von Count has some historical background behind his
   counting. Who knew?!
     __________________________________________________________________

   surfer1969 lm profile image surfer1969 lm profile image

   surfer1969 lm 4 years ago

   A very nice lens on the vampire legend.I've some theories on vampires
   that are way out there.But I might saved that for a future lens I
   guess.I've always been Into the unknown myself and find stiuff like
   this to be really Interesting.
     __________________________________________________________________

   dwnovacek profile image dwnovacek profile image

   dwnovacek 3 years ago

   Another great lens. So much fun! Angel Blessed!
     __________________________________________________________________

   Hypersapien2 profile image Hypersapien2 profile image

   Hypersapien2 3 years ago from U.S.

   Awesome lens!
     __________________________________________________________________

   anonymous 3 years ago

   Not all vampires drink blood and not all vampyres are demons
     __________________________________________________________________

   anonymous 2 years ago

   some vampires suck humans life force
     __________________________________________________________________

   Pangermia profile image Pangermia profile image

   Pangermia 2 years ago

   There are still vampires in Serbia...

   [30]Sign in or [31]sign up and post using a HubPages account.
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Vampire Legends
Around the World

     * [1]Home
     * [2]Asia
     * [3]Romania
     * [4]Mesopotamia
     * [5]Slavic Europe
     * [6]The Americas

   While the classic vampire may or may not have influenced local vampire
   tales in Asia, legends from the East tend to be rooted in older myths
   that don't share as many qualitative similarities to the Count.  A
   common theme in Asian vampiric folklore are grotesque figures of the
   night that haunt the living via displays of detached body parts.  There
   is an interesting paradox between European and Asian vampires in that
   the western vampire character is almost exclusively male and preys upon
   young women while Asian vampires tend to be female.  Many of these
   female vampires disguise themselves as attractive young or old women by
   day and then transform into hellish demons at night.  Another
   prevailing theme is their choice in prey which tends to be children,
   sleeping individuals, or pregnant women and virtually every Asian demon
   is active during the night.

India

   The [7]Bhoot is essentially a soul in purgatory whose physical body
   died an untimely or violent death.  It is a nocturnal creature that
   ambles through the night, particularly in cemeteries or other derelict
   places, reanimating corpses and attacking the living.  A Bhoot attack
   normally results in a severe ailment or death.
   The [8]Brahm Rakshas (northern India), is a malevolent demonic spirit
   originating from a high caste individual known as a Brahmin who either
   committed evil deeds during his life or misused his knowledge for ill.
    While it's physical descriptions vary, the Brahm Rakshas nearly always
   possesses gruesome characteristics such as it's head being enveloped by
   intestines or two horns protruding from it's forehead.  It is worth
   noting that the Brahm Rakshas are not wholly despised as there are many
   temples and effigies devoted to them.

PHILIPPINES

   Picture
   Aswang is a Filipino term that is applied to many variations of demons,
   spirits, vampires, and the like.  Two particular aswang are of
   particular merit in Filipino folklore:
   The [9]Mandurugo, meaning "blood-sucker," takes the form of a beautiful
   girl by day and sprouts wings and grows a long, proboscis-like tongue
   by night.  It's diet consists of human entrails, the mucus of the ill,
   and even the fetuses of pregnant women.  The Tagalog ethnic group of
   the Philippines tell a story entitled "[10]The Girl with Many Loves"
   that describes a gorgeous sixteen year old girl who marries rather
   husky men who continuously wither away into nothingness.  Her fourth
   husband awakes one night to feel something pricking his neck, prompting
   him to stab the unknown source of pain with a close kept knife.  His
   wife is found dead the next morning not far from their cottage with a
   knife wound to her chest.
   A similar creature to the Mandurugo and probably the closest to the
   Western vampire is the [11]Manananggal, literally meaning
   "self-segmenter."  The Manananggal is a beautiful old woman able to
   detach her winged upper body and prey on sleeping pregnant women,
   consuming their unborn children and drinking their blood.  While it's
   upper body wreaks havoc, the lower body is left unattended and it is
   said that sprinkling crushed garlic or salt on the lower half will
   render the Manananggal incapable of returning to it's earthly form,
   effectively killing the creature.
     __________________________________________________________________

China

   Picture
   A fair amount of information is in circulation regarding the legend of
   the [12]Jiang Shi, more commonly known as the Chinese "hopping"
   vampire.  There are many ways to procure a jiang shi, however the most
   common methods include:
   -the use of supernatural means to resurrect a corpse
   -supernatural possession of a dead body
   -when the soul of an individual cannot escape the body due to an
   improper death or suicide
   The [13]appearance of a jiang shi is more analogous with the modern
   interpretation of the "zombie," as its arms protrude outward and its
   legs retain a stiffness that renders it incapable of normal walking,
   hence the "hopping" part of its name.  Depending when a jiang shi is
   raised from the dead, it might appear as healthy human or a corpse with
   molding greenish flesh.  A jiang shi will rest in a coffin or another
   dark place during the day hours and will rise during the night to leech
   off of a victims qi (life essence).
   As there are many means to conceive a jiang shi, so are the numbers of
   methods and provisions used to combat a jiang shi that range from the
   sensible to the downright bizarre:
   -interestingly enough, mirrors can used to contest a jiang shi as they
   are frightened by their own reflection
   -an axe
   -fire, not unlike the classic vampire
   -vinegar
   -a copy of the I Ching
   -the blood of a black dog
   -hooves of a black donkey
   More recently, western vampire tales have influenced the jiang shi by
   introducing the blood-sucking trait to the traditional description,
   along with the idea of the "hungry ghost;" a mindless being that is
   driven solely by its ravenous needs.
     __________________________________________________________________

MALAYSIA, INDONESIA AND BEYOND

   Picture
   As one moves into the subregion of Southeast Asia, vampire myths begin
   to blend together as if tales of one specific creature spread and local
   people tweaked minor details of the story.  In fact, the Manananggal
   and Penanggal may have the same meaning as both languages share a
   common root in the same language family.
   The [14]Penanggal of Malaysia is extremely similar to the Manananggal
   in regards to it's appearance, diet (pregnant women), and choice in
   victims.  Like the Manananggal, it is a self-segmenting female except
   it only consists of the head while it's stomach and other entrails
   dangle beneath, shining like fireflies in the night.  While we are
   familiar with vampirism as a contagious disease, the act of becoming a
   Penanggal is either voluntarily or involuntarily self-inflicted.  A
   beautiful woman of any age obtains her beauty via magic or supernatural
   means which is usually described as being demonic in nature, thus
   cursing her with the transmutative disease.
   Hailing from the Indonesian island of Bali, the [15]Leyak is virtually
   identical to the two above-mentioned creatures, although it does share
   a rather similar trait with the traditional vampire that is worth
   mentioning.  Leyaks possess the ability to shape-shift into various
   animals and are able to fly in normally flightless bodies such as a
   pig.  They also don long tongues and sharp fangs much akin to Stoker's
   portrayal of Count Dracula.  Similar myths to the Leyak and Penanggal
   are the Krasue of Thailand and the Ap of Cambodia.
   Surprisingly, [16]Japan is practically devoid of vampiric folklore.
   Vampires made their first appearances in Japanese cinema during the
   1950s, most likely due to influences drawn from older vampire films
   such as Nosferatu and Ted Browning's Dracula.
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[8]Hopping Ghost (Chinese Vampire)

   Posted in: [9]Asian,[10]Type of Spirit — Tony
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   [hop.jpg] The Chinese honor their dead out of both respect and fear.
   And for good reason. An unsatisfied soul could become a ghost and make
   life unbearable. Whether or not the Chinese truly believe in ghosts,
   they occupy a large part of their imagination, and the hopping ghost
   (with its recent star appearances on the Hong Kong movie scene) is the
   most popular.

   What is a hopping Ghost?
   Scientifically speaking, it’s an undecayed corpse whose main soul, the
   po, has not yet left for the other world. Now, a po on the loose in the
   mortal world is bad news. It turns into an evil spirit. And a po with a
   corpse to occupy is even worse. It becomes a hopping ghost.

   What makes a hopping ghost hop?
   Many things, but mostly when a homesick corpse, not wanting to be
   buried in an unfamiliar village, hops home, po and all. In documented
   cases, the hopping corpse is often accompanied by an entourage of
   monks, Taoist priests, and mourners. Yin shock makes ghosts hop, too.
   The yin, as opposed to the yang, is dark, mysterious, and usually out
   to make trouble. (Cats and the moon are characteristically yin.) Should
   a fresh corpse somehow come into direct contact with a yin sort of
   energy, then it reacts, often becoming charged with superhuman powers.
   And it hops.

   How do you know when you’ve chanced upon a hopping ghost?
   It’s not terribly difficult to tell. Despite the corpse’s superhuman
   energy, rigor mortis does set in, and the joints get stiff enough that
   it is forced to hop stiffly. According to some reports they have
   resorted to flying. As for appearances, a hopping corpse usually wears
   Qing Dynasty burial clothes. As these went out of fashion a hundred or
   so years ago, the corpses stick out like a sore thumb. And they don’t
   worry too much about personal hygiene either. One hopping ghost stunk
   so badly that one whiff killed a relative and knocked another out cold.
   Some hopping ghosts are uglier than others. Some have tounges that hang
   down to their chest or eyeballs that aren’t too firmly attached to
   their sockets. But all hopping ghosts have unusually long fingernails
   that are their most lethal weapon (especially being on the end of stiff
   outstretched arms). Hopping ghosts keep best in coffins or caves.
   They’re not much for sunbathing. In fact, the sun’s first rays are
   enough to stop a hopping ghost dead in its tracks.

   What should I do if I run into a hopping ghost?
   Don’t breathe. Hopping ghosts detect humans by smelling their breath.
   The old clove-of-garlic-keeps-the-ghost-away trick will not work here.
   You could try pasting a yellow and red Chinese death blessing on its
   forehead. This will quiet many unsettled souls. In the event that you
   don’t have the above handy, just whip out any eight-sided Taoist
   mirror, a straw broom, long-grained rice, or just a few drops of fresh
   chicken blood. In a few seconds the corpse will be hopping scared.

   Just how dangerous are hopping ghosts?
   Well, lethal. Normally the hopping ghosts hops forward until it has
   gouged the victim’s neck and choked him/her to death. This is not a
   pleasant way to go. In one other case, the hopping corpse preferred to
   plop down on sleeping people’s heads thereby smothering an entire hotel
   full of guests.

   What can I do to get rid of pesky hopping ghosts?
   There’s only one way to do it, and that is to burn them, coffin and
   all.
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   The following are even more Scarier :
     * [21]Indonesia Vampire

     * [22]Chinese New Year Wishes

     * [23]Ghost Appears in Chinese Film

     * [24]Ghost Festival

     * [25]Vampire Morph

6 Comments [26]»

    1. i like chinese vampires. im a fan
       Commented by lisa le — August 28, 2007 @ [27]7:36 am
    2. I have another question that you may be able to answer me. Where do
       I buy one of those? Would look good on the wall, u know?
       Commented by Dennis — June 21, 2008 @ [28]5:57 pm
    3. oh i saw on google image typed chinese vampire, someone made a clay
       model of chinese vampires that he or she is selling for US$8.
       Commented by lisa le — June 22, 2008 @ [29]12:39 am
    4. If a person gets gouged by a Chinese vampire that person will most
       likely get poisoined and turned in to a chinese vampire
       him/herself.
       Commented by anna — September 9, 2008 @ [30]5:55 am
    5. WOW!I NEVER HEARD OF SOMETHING…………………….MORE RETAURDED IN MY HOLE
       LIFEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!!!!!!!!
       Commented by Miranda — March 23, 2009 @ [31]4:06 am
    6. Iʻve heard bout this one, itʻs similar to the ghost we have in
       indonesia and malaysia (pocong) except that itʻs not wrapped with
       fabric
       If you wanna know how to pronounce the name, search for it on
       google
       Commented by Tintinlover101 — January 4, 2012 @ [32]7:16 pm

   [33]TrackBack URI

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What is a vampire monkey?

   A:

Quick Answer

   Vampire monkeys are mythological creatures rumored to live in remote
   forests in China. Although there have been numerous reports of these
   animals, there are no pictures or scientific evidence of vampire
   monkeys existing.
    [32]Know More

Keep Learning

     * [33]

Where does a monkey live?
     * [34]

How long does a monkey live?
     * [35]

What is a baby monkey called?

Full Answer

   Legend holds that the vampire monkey has tiny ears and a long tail. Its
   face is rumored to look like a vampire bat, and it is said to have
   razor sharp teeth like a piranha. This mythological creature needs
   blood once a week to survive, and, according to legend, it prefers
   human blood but also ingests the blood of mammals and birds. Claims of
   vampire monkey bites have been found to be bites from a vampire bat or
   spider.
   [36]Learn more about Monkeys
   Sources:
   [37]epicadamwildlife.com

Related Questions

     * Q:[38]

What is a young monkey called?
       A:
       A very young monkey, like a very young human being, is called an
       "infant." Sometimes the young of apes are also called "babies,"
       reflecting the close genetic relationship between apes and humans
       and the many similarities between our young.
       [39]Full Answer >
       Filed Under:
          + [40]Monkeys
     * Q:[41]

What is the lifespan of a monkey?
       A:
       According to the San Diego Zoo, the lifespan of a monkey is 10 to
       50 years, depending on the species. Monkeys living in the wild have
       shorter lifespans due to disease and other factors.
       [42]Full Answer >
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          + [43]Monkeys
     * Q:[44]

How fast can a monkey run?
       A:
       A Patas monkey, which is one of the fastest primates on Earth, can
       run up to approximately 34 miles per hour, according to the
       University of Wisconsin. These monkeys are able to achieve these
       high speeds by running on all four limbs, as opposed to other
       species of monkeys who run using only two feet.
       [45]Full Answer >
       Filed Under:
          + [46]Monkeys
     * Q:[47]

What is the world's smallest monkey?
       A:
       According to PBS, the pygmy marmoset is the world's smallest
       monkey, at 5.35 inches in length and 4.2 ounces in weight on
       average. A tree-dwelling primate, the pygmy marmoset is notable for
       its sharp nails and impressive leaping ability.
       [48]Full Answer >
       Filed Under:
          + [49]Monkeys

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